Acetylcholine Synthesis & Metabolism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'Rest and Digest' response?

  • Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly involved in the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine (correct)
  • GABA

Which of the following organs receives ONLY sympathetic innervation?

  • Heart (correct)
  • Salivary Gland
  • Bladder
  • Large Intestine

What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Alpha and Beta receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT directly innervated by parasympathetic nerves?

<p>Heart muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 steps involved in cholinergic neurotransmission?

<p>Synthesis, storage, release, binding, reuptake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the storage and synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) is correct?

<p>VAChT is an antiporter that actively transports synthesized ACh into the vesicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the release of ACh from the presynaptic neuron?

<p>ACh is released by exocytosis triggered by $Ca^{2+}$ entry upon arrival of a nerve impulse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the site of action of the drug tubocurarine?

<p>It blocks the nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the termination of acetylcholine (ACh) activity is correct?

<p>ACh activity is terminated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is blocked by neostigmine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the site of action of the drug hemicholinium?

<p>It blocks the high-affinity choline transporter (HAChT). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Autonomic Pharmacology

  • Study of how drugs interact with the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Synthesis & Metabolism of Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • ACh is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
  • Synthesized ACh is actively transported into vesicles by vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), an antiporter
  • ACh is released from vesicles by exocytosis triggered by Ca2+ entry upon arrival of nerve impulse
  • Once released, ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with cholinergic receptors on postsynaptic membrane (sometimes presynaptic)

Cholinergic Receptors

  • Cholinergic receptors are bound by ACh, blocked by atropine (M) or tubocurarine (N)

Termination of ACh

  • ACh is terminated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), blocked by neostigmine
  • High-affinity choline transporter (HAChT) is blocked by hemicholinium

Sites of Drug Action at Cholinergic Neuron

  • ChAT is blocked by naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP)
  • VAChT is blocked by vesamicol
  • ACh release is blocked by botulinum toxin (involves SNAP and VAMP)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Divided into two divisions: Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
  • SNS: "Fight or Flight" response, neurotransmitter is norepinephrine (NA), receptors are α and β adrenoceptors
  • PNS: "Rest and Digest" response, neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh), receptors are muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Thoracolumbar Outflow (Sympathetic)

  • Organs receiving only sympathetic innervation:
    • Radial muscle of iris
    • Muller's muscle
    • Heart
    • Arrector pili muscles
    • Sweat glands
    • Bronchiole (gland and smooth muscle)
    • Stomach
    • Most blood vessels
    • Spleen
    • Adipose tissue
    • Paravertebral ganglia
    • Adrenal medulla
    • Kidney
    • Intestines
    • Bladder
    • Prevertebral ganglia
    • Ejaculation muscle

Craniosacral Outflow (Parasympathetic)

  • Organs receiving only parasympathetic innervation:
    • Heart
    • Bronchiole (smooth muscle and gland)
    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Lacrimal gland
    • Sphincter (circular) muscle of iris
    • Ciliary muscle
    • Salivary gland
    • Large intestine
    • Bladder
    • Genitalia

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