31 Questions
At which junction is acetylcholine released by motor neurons to activate muscles?
Neuromuscular junction
Which system is primarily regulated by acetylcholine outside the brain?
Parasympathetic nervous system
In Alzheimer's disease, which neurotransmitter is decreased?
Acetylcholine
Blocking acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system affects which cognitive process?
Learning
In which two brain regions does the basal forebrain cholinergic system innervate?
Cortex and hippocampus
What is the name of the space between the synaptic knob and the muscle cell?
Synaptic cleft
What is the neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
What triggers the action potential in the muscle cells?
Binding of acetylcholine to receptors
What happens when the muscle relaxes?
The cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments break
What is the autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia gravis
What is the current drug of choice for treating Myasthenia Gravis?
Pyridostigmine
What is the cause of muscle tone loss, muscle weakness, and fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor
What is the bacterium that produces the neurotoxin botulinum?
Clostridium botulinum
What is the type of botulism that occurs when someone eats food containing the toxins?
Food-borne botulism
What is the age range of children who can develop defense against Clostridium botulinum spores?
From 1 year to 5 years
What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?
Controlling motivation and pleasure
What is a common effect of cocaine on the user?
Increased feelings of anxiety and paranoia
Which of the following nicotine replacement therapy options releases nicotine slowly?
Skin patches
What is the primary effect of cocaine on dopamine levels?
Artificially boosts dopamine levels
What is the primary role of serotonin in the brain?
Regulating relaxation and contentment
What is a potential physical effect of cocaine use?
Muscle twitches
Which type of botulinum toxin is the most potent?
Type A
What is the function of the light chain of the botulin toxin?
It interacts with the SNARE protein complex
What is the duration of the clinical effects of botulinum toxin?
3-4 months
What is the primary mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?
Blocking the release of acetylcholine from axon endings
What is the main use of botulinum toxin in clinical practice?
Treating disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement
What is the name of the licensed type-A toxin used to treat focal spasticity in the arm and leg?
All of the above
What is the purpose of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)?
To provide a low level of nicotine to reduce withdrawal symptoms
What is the effect of botulinum toxin on the SNARE protein complex?
It prevents the fusion of acetylcholine vesicles with the cell membrane
What is the target of the botulinum toxin in the nervous system?
The presynaptic surface of cholinergic neurons
What is the function of the SNARE proteins in neurotransmitter release?
To mediate the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles
Learn about Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the neuromuscular junction, brain function, and cognitive processes like memory and learning. Understand its role in the basal forebrain cholinergic system and its effects on sleep and wakefulness.
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