Neurotransmitter 3-4

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At which junction is acetylcholine released by motor neurons to activate muscles?

Parasympathetic ganglionic junction

Neuromuscular junction (correct)

Basal forebrain cholinergic system

Cortical synaptic junction

Which system is primarily regulated by acetylcholine outside the brain?

Enteric nervous system

Somatosensory system

Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)

Sympathetic nervous system

In Alzheimer's disease, which neurotransmitter is decreased?

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetylcholine (correct)

GABA

Blocking acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system affects which cognitive process?

Learning Signup and view all the answers

In which two brain regions does the basal forebrain cholinergic system innervate?

Cortex and hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the space between the synaptic knob and the muscle cell?

Synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the action potential in the muscle cells?

Binding of acetylcholine to receptors Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the muscle relaxes?

The cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments break Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

What is the current drug of choice for treating Myasthenia Gravis?

Pyridostigmine Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of muscle tone loss, muscle weakness, and fatigue in Myasthenia Gravis?

Autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the bacterium that produces the neurotoxin botulinum?

Clostridium botulinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of botulism that occurs when someone eats food containing the toxins?

Food-borne botulism Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of children who can develop defense against Clostridium botulinum spores?

From 1 year to 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?

Controlling motivation and pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of cocaine on the user?

Increased feelings of anxiety and paranoia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nicotine replacement therapy options releases nicotine slowly?

Skin patches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cocaine on dopamine levels?

Artificially boosts dopamine levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of serotonin in the brain?

Regulating relaxation and contentment Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential physical effect of cocaine use?

Muscle twitches Signup and view all the answers

Which type of botulinum toxin is the most potent?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the light chain of the botulin toxin?

It interacts with the SNARE protein complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the clinical effects of botulinum toxin?

3-4 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?

Blocking the release of acetylcholine from axon endings Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of botulinum toxin in clinical practice?

Treating disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the licensed type-A toxin used to treat focal spasticity in the arm and leg?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)?

To provide a low level of nicotine to reduce withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of botulinum toxin on the SNARE protein complex?

It prevents the fusion of acetylcholine vesicles with the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the botulinum toxin in the nervous system?

The presynaptic surface of cholinergic neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the SNARE proteins in neurotransmitter release?

To mediate the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles Signup and view all the answers