Accounting Principles Overview
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Questions and Answers

When is revenue recognized according to the revenue recognition principle?

  • When the payment is received
  • At the end of the fiscal year
  • When the transaction is recorded
  • When it is earned (correct)
  • Which principle specifies that expenses must be recorded in the same period as the revenues they generate?

  • Accrual Principle
  • Matching Principle (correct)
  • Historical Cost Principle
  • Full Disclosure Principle
  • What does the historical cost principle dictate regarding asset valuation?

  • Assets should be recorded at their original purchase cost (correct)
  • Assets should be valued at their current market price
  • Assets should be reassessed annually
  • Assets should be recorded only when sold
  • What is the purpose of the full disclosure principle in accounting?

    <p>To disclose all relevant financial information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the materiality principle, what qualifies as 'material' information?

    <p>Information whose omission could influence decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption underlying the going concern principle?

    <p>The business will continue to operate indefinitely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the separate business entity assumption imply?

    <p>Business transactions are recorded separately from personal transactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accounting standards is considered a rule-based standard?

    <p>Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accounting principle assumes a stable currency over time?

    <p>Monetary Unit Assumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of preparing financial reports for specific periods?

    <p>To allow timely reporting and analysis of financial performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the going concern assumption entail for businesses?

    <p>Businesses are expected to continue operating indefinitely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the accrual principle?

    <p>To record transactions when they occur, regardless of cash flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization plays a critical role in issuing Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards?

    <p>Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle requires businesses to provide additional details that impact financial data?

    <p>Full Disclosure Principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ethical behavior crucial in the accounting profession?

    <p>To promote transparency and restore public trust. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do IFRS promote in global financial reporting?

    <p>Global harmonization of financial reporting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a basic principle of accounting standards?

    <p>Transparency in marketing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) have regarding accounting standards?

    <p>Promotes international convergence of accounting standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does the IASB serve in international accounting?

    <p>Developing global accounting standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?

    <p>They are developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB)?

    <p>To ensure transparency and comparability in financial statements globally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key role of the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)?

    <p>Providing international career mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many members does the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) have approximately?

    <p>233,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualification is offered by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)?

    <p>Associate Chartered Accountant (ACA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the ACCA qualification?

    <p>It emphasizes both financial and management accounting expertise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MIA stand for in the context of accounting bodies?

    <p>Malaysian Institute of Accountants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the year of establishment for the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)?

    <p>1880 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these accounting bodies provides certification to accountants?

    <p>Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) (B), Institute of Chartered Accountants in England &amp; Wales (ICAEW) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is IFRS significant in financial reporting?

    <p>It ensures consistency and comparability in global capital markets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of support does ICAEW provide to its members?

    <p>Continuous development through seminars and specialized courses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Accrual Principle

    Recording transactions when they occur, not when cash changes hands.

    Revenue Recognition Principle

    Recognize revenue when earned, not when received.

    Matching Principle

    Matching expenses to the revenues they generate in the same period.

    Historical Cost Principle

    Recording assets at their original cost, not current market value.

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    Full Disclosure Principle

    Disclosing all relevant financial information.

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    Materiality Principle

    Significant info that would impact decisions must be reported.

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    Separate Entity Assumption

    Business transactions are separate from owners' personal transactions.

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    Monetary Unit Assumption

    Transactions tracked in a stable currency

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    Time Period Assumption

    Reporting financial performance over specific periods (e.g., quarterly, annually).

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    Going Concern Assumption

    Assume the business will continue operating in the foreseeable future.

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    IFRS

    International Financial Reporting Standards, a set of accounting standards promoting global harmonization.

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    GAAP

    Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, accounting standards used in the United States.

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    MFRS

    Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards, accounting standards followed in Malaysia.

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    Code of Ethics

    Set of principles guiding professional accounting behavior, emphasizing integrity, objectivity, and professionalism.

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    Time Period

    Specific periods (monthly, quarterly, annually) used for financial reporting and analysis.

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    Going Concern

    Assumption that a business will continue operating in the future unless evidence suggests otherwise.

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    IASB

    International Accounting Standards Board, the organization that develops IFRS.

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    IFAC

    International Federation of Accountants, an organization supporting professional accounting globally.

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    Monetary Unit

    The unit of measurement of financial transactions (e.g., dollars, euros).

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    Measurable Transaction

    A financial transaction that can be recorded in monetary units.

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    ACCA

    The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants is a global professional body for accountants with a globally recognized qualification.

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    What does the IASB aim to achieve with its standards?

    The IASB aims to ensure transparency and comparability in financial statements across borders. This allows investors and other stakeholders to easily compare financial performance of companies from different countries.

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    What is the significance of IFRS for global markets?

    IFRS is widely accepted for financial reporting in global capital markets, making it easier for companies to raise capital internationally.

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    What are the roles of a national accounting body?

    National accounting bodies like the MIA ensure compliance with local laws and regulations for accountants. They also develop ethical and professional standards for the profession.

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    What are some benefits of ACCA certification?

    ACCA certification is globally recognized, providing career mobility and opening doors to work in different countries. It emphasizes both financial and management accounting expertise.

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    How does ICAEW support its members?

    ICAEW supports its members with continuous professional development through seminars, conferences, and specialized courses. This helps them stay updated and enhance their skills.

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    Study Notes

    Accounting Principles

    • Accrual Principle: Financial transactions are recorded when they occur, not when cash changes hands. This means revenue is recognized when earned and expenses are recognized when incurred, regardless of cash flow.

    • Revenue Recognition Principle: Revenue is recognized when it's earned, not when payment is received. If goods are delivered in December but payment is received in January, the revenue is recorded in December.

    • Matching Principle: Expenses are recorded in the same period as the revenues they help generate. This ensures a proper match between income and related costs. For example, if goods are sold in December, the cost of those goods should also be recorded in December.

    • Historical Cost Principle: Assets are recorded at their original cost, not their market value. This provides a reliable and verifiable record of transactions. If a building is bought for RM500,000, it's recorded at that cost, even if the market value changes later.

    • Full Disclosure Principle: All relevant financial information must be disclosed, including any additional details that impact financial data. This includes details like lawsuits, even if the lawsuit hasn't yet affected financial figures.

    • Materiality Principle: Information is material if its omission could influence decisions. Only significant items are disclosed. Small expenses that don't impact decision-making might be ignored, while significant expenses must be reported.

    Accounting Assumptions

    • Separate Business Entity: A business is treated as separate from its owners or other businesses. Financial transactions are recorded separately from personal or organizational transactions.

    • Monetary Unit: Financial transactions are recorded in a stable currency. This assumption ignores the effects of inflation or deflation. Transactions not measurable in monetary units aren't recorded.

    • Time Period: Reports are prepared for specific periods, like monthly, quarterly, or annually, to allow for timely reporting and analysis of financial performance

    • Going Concern: The business is expected to continue operating in the foreseeable future. This allows the deferral of recognizing certain expenses and revenues until future periods.

    Accounting Standards

    • International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): Issued by the IASB, IFRS promotes global harmonization of financial reporting making it easier for investors to compare statements across borders. IFRS is widely used across 140+ countries, including Malaysia . It's a principle-based standard.

    • Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): Based in the US, GAAP sets accounting standards which are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). GAAP is a rule-based standard, and there are ongoing efforts to converge US GAAP with IFRS to create a unified, global accounting framework.

    • Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS): Based on IFRS, MFRS governs financial statement preparation in Malaysia. The Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) is responsible for issuing these standards.

    Ethical Standards

    • Code of Ethics: Accounting bodies uphold ethical practices within the profession. The code of ethics sets principles that guide professional behavior by ensuring that accountants act with integrity, objectivity, and professionalism. The importance of ethics is especially critical given the financial crises and corporate scandals.

    Accounting Bodies

    • Global:

      • International Federation of Accountants (IFAC): Prompts international convergence of standards, backs professional organizations, and highlights sustainability and ethical practices.

      • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB): Establishes global accounting standards for financial reporting and aims for transparency and comparability across borders.

    • Regional & National (Examples):

      • Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA): A statutory body that regulates the accounting profession in Malaysia. It ensures compliance with local laws, and develops ethical/professional standards for accountants. MIA membership is required for accountants to practice in Malaysia.

      • Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA): A global professional body focusing on providing the ACCA qualification, with emphasis on both management and financial accounting expertise, and promoting international career mobility.

      • Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW): One of the oldest accounting bodies worldwide(established in 1880) it offers the ACA qualification, and supports ongoing member development. They provide seminars, conferences and courses which focus on financial reporting, auditing, assurance and advisory services.

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    Accounting Principles PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental accounting principles such as the Accrual Principle, Revenue Recognition Principle, Matching Principle, and Historical Cost Principle. Understanding these concepts is vital for accurate financial reporting and analysis.

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