acc 200 chapter 6

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Questions and Answers

Adopting uniform accounting methods from period to period exemplifies which accounting principle?

  • Consistency principle (correct)
  • Conservatism principle
  • Materiality concept
  • Disclosure principle

A company chooses to report the least optimistic figures in its financial statements when multiple options are available. Which principle are they following?

  • Consistency principle
  • Materiality concept
  • Disclosure principle
  • Conservatism principle (correct)

What is the primary goal of maintaining effective inventory controls?

  • Ensuring proper authorization, tracking, and accounting of inventory purchases and sales. (correct)
  • Maximizing the value of damaged inventory.
  • Accelerating the recording of inventory when sold.
  • Minimizing storage costs.

What is the formula used to determine the Cost Of Goods Sold (COGS)?

<p>Units sold * Unit cost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventory costing methods is most appropriate for a business selling custom-made jewelry?

<p>Specific Identification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which costing method is based on the assumption that the first units purchased are the first to be sold?

<p>First-In, First-Out (FIFO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory costing method?

<p>It assigns the cost of the newest items in inventory to each unit sold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the weighted-average method, how is the cost per unit determined after each purchase?

<p>By dividing the cost of goods available for sale by the number of units available. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a period of rising costs, which inventory costing method generally results in the highest cost of goods sold?

<p>Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inventory costing method typically results in the highest ending inventory value during a period of rising costs?

<p>FIFO (First-In, First-Out) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When costs are declining, which inventory method typically results in a higher net income?

<p>LIFO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the application of the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule affect the financial statements?

<p>It may decrease net income by writing down inventory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule, if the market value of inventory falls below its historical cost, how is this accounted for?

<p>Inventory is written down to its market value, and a loss is recognized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inventory turnover ratio measure?

<p>How rapidly inventory is sold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high inventory turnover ratio generally indicate?

<p>Efficient inventory management and ease of selling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'days' sales in inventory' measure?

<p>The average number of days it takes to sell inventory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company consistently uses the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) method for inventory valuation. Which accounting principle is being followed?

<p>Consistency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a company adhering to the disclosure principle regarding its inventory?

<p>reporting enough information for outsiders to make knowledgeable decisions about the company. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action exemplifies a company's adherence to the materiality concept in inventory management?

<p>Strictly accounting for significant inventory items only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company discovers that some of its inventory is damaged. According to good inventory controls, what is the appropriate action?

<p>Recording damaged inventory properly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The costs are different for different groups of inventory, which inventory costing method must be used?

<p>Specific Identification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which of the following scenarios would the weighted-average method be most suitable?

<p>When inventory consists of homogeneous items with similar costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a period of declining costs, which inventory valuation method would typically result in the lowest cost of goods sold?

<p>Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the definition of 'market value' under IFRS compared to other accounting standards when applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule?

<p>Under IFRS, market value is defined as the 'net realizable value'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A retailer's inventory turnover ratio has significantly decreased from the previous year. What might this indicate?

<p>Overstocking, declining sales, or obsolete inventory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company recorded damaged inventory properly. Which of the following is the company following?

<p>Good inventory controls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory does NOT require a specific identification method?

<p>Homogeneous Items (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the first unit was purchased for $10 and the second unit was purchased for $12, what is the weighted-average? (Round to the nearest cent)

<p>$11.00 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT a consideration with financial statements?

<p>Apply lower or higher costs to each sale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company wants to journalize the October 16 purchase of merchandise inventory on account. Which costing method should they use given no other data?

<p>Any Inventory Accounting Method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should the company journalize the October 31 sale of merchandise inventory on account.

<p>When using the LIFO inventory costing method. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is using perpetual inventory method. The Cost of Goods Sold is $3,766. The ending inventory is $1,507. Which costing method is most likely?

<p>Weighted Average (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accounts Payable increased by $1,440, which type of journal entry is this?

<p>Purchases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Costs of Goods Sold (COGS) is lower under FIFO than under LIFO when which circumstances are present?

<p>When Costs are rising (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

FIFO inventory will be the highest, and LIFO inventory will be the lowest when

<p>When Costs are increasing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action does NOT require a journal entry?

<p>When costs are rising (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inventory turnover is equal to which of the following?

<p>Cost of goods sold / Average merchandise inventory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high inventory rate indicates

<p>ease of selling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Days' sales in inventory is equal to

<p>365 days / Inventory turnover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For inventory with an expiration date, what must a company do?

<p>this measure is very importan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would Crystal Phones have trouble selling its products?

<p>The data is inconclusive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption is made when using the FIFO inventory costing method?

<p>The first units purchased are the first ones sold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accounting principle emphasizes reporting sufficient details for external parties to make informed decisions about a company?

<p>Disclosure Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to perform physical counts of inventory on a regular basis?

<p>To accurately track inventory levels and reconcile any discrepancies with accounting records. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does applying the conservatism principle affect inventory accounting?

<p>It requires companies to report the least favorable figures in the financial statements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive feature of the specific identification method?

<p>Basing the cost of goods sold on the actual cost of each particular unit sold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might specific identification be the most appropriate inventory costing method?

<p>Selling few, easily distinguishable and expensive items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the weighted-average cost per unit typically calculated in a perpetual inventory system?

<p>By dividing the cost of goods available for sale by the number of units available for sale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a period of rising prices, how does the LIFO method generally affect the balance sheet?

<p>It results in a lower ending inventory value compared to FIFO. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During periods of rising costs, which inventory costing method tends to report the lowest net income?

<p>LIFO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for using the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule?

<p>To align with the conservatism principle and avoid overstating assets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under IFRS, how does the definition of 'market value' differ from other accounting standards when applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule?

<p>IFRS uses net realizable value, whereas other standards use replacement cost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant decrease in a retailer's inventory turnover ratio from one year to the next could indicate what problem?

<p>Overstocking of inventory or declining sales. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher-than-average 'days' sales in inventory' indicate for a company, especially one dealing with perishable goods?

<p>Potential challenges in selling inventory before it becomes obsolete or expires, leading to losses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When costs are declining, which of the following inventory costing methods generally results in the lowest cost of goods sold?

<p>Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boston Cycles started October with 12 bicycles that cost $42 each. On October 16, the company bought 40 bicycles for $68 each. On October 31, the company sold 34 bicycles for $100 each. If they use LIFO, what journal entries are made? (Select all that apply.)

<p><code>Debit Cost of Goods Sold: $2,312, Credit Merchandise Inventory: $2,312</code> (A), <code>Debit Accounts Receivable: $3,400, Credit Sales Revenue: $3,400</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consistency Principle?

Use the same accounting methods and procedures from period to period.

Disclosure Principle?

Report enough information for outsiders to make knowledgeable decisions.

Materiality Concept?

Perform proper accounting only for significant items.

Conservatism Principle?

Report the least favorable figures in financial statements.

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Good inventory controls?

Ensures inventory purchases and sales are properly authorized and accounted for.

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Inventory costing method?

Approximates the flow of inventory costs to determine cost of goods sold.

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Specific Identification Method?

Inventory costing method based on the specific cost of particular units.

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First-In, First-Out (FIFO)?

Assumes the first units purchased are the first to be sold.

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Last-In, First-Out (LIFO)?

Assumes the newest inventory item is assigned to the Cost of Goods Sold.

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Weighted-Average Method?

Computes a new weighted-average cost per unit after each purchase.

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Lower-of-Cost-or-Market?

Inventory is reported at the lower of its historical cost or market value.

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Inventory turnover ratio?

Measures how rapidly inventory is sold.

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Inventory turnover ratio?

Measures how rapidly inventory is sold.

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Days' sales in inventory?

Measures the average number of days inventory is held.

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Study Notes

Accounting Principles and Controls

  • The consistency principle states that the same accounting methods and procedures should be used consistently from period to period
  • The disclosure principle states that a company should report enough information for outsiders to make knowledgeable decisions
  • The materiality concept states that a company must perform strictly proper accounting only for significant items
  • The conservatism principle states that a business should report the least favorable figures in the financial statements when two or more possible options are presented

Merchandise Inventory Controls

  • Good inventory controls ensure that inventory, purchases, and sales are properly authorized
  • Inventory controls also ensure proper accounting within the accounting system
  • Ensure authorized inventory purchases
  • Track and document the receipt of inventory
  • Properly record damaged inventory
  • Perform annual, physical counts of inventory
  • Record and remove inventory from merchandise inventory when sold

Flow of Inventory Costs

  • Beginning Inventory + Purchases = Cost of Goods Available for Sale
  • Cost of Goods Available for Sale is then separated into Ending Inventory (Balance Sheet) + Cost of Goods Sold (Income Statement)

Perpetual Inventory System

  • An inventory costing method approximates the flow of inventory costs in a business
  • Inventory Costing Method is used to determine the amount of cost of goods sold and ending merchandise inventory
  • Four basic inventory costing methods are allowable by GAAP: Specific identification; First-in, first-out (FIFO); Last-in, first-out (LIFO); Weighted-average

Specific Identification Method

  • This method is an inventory costing method based on the specific cost of particular units of inventory
  • Items such as Automobiles, Jewels, and Real estate use this method

First-In, First-Out (FIFO) Method

  • Assumes the first units purchased are the first to be sold
  • Cost of Goods Sold is based on the oldest purchases
  • Ending Inventory closely reflects current replacement cost
  • Cost of goods available for sale is the total cost spent on inventory that was available to be sold during a period

Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) Method

  • This Method is the opposite of FIFO
  • As inventory is sold, the cost of the newest item in inventory is assigned to each unit as Cost of Goods Sold
  • Cost of Goods Sold closely reflects current replacement cost
  • Ending Inventory contains the oldest costing units

Weighted-Average Method

  • This method computes a new weighted-average cost per unit after each purchase
  • Weighted-average cost per unit is determined by dividing the cost of goods available for sale by the number of units available
  • Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold are based on the same weighted-average cost per unit

Financial Statement Effects for Rising Inventory Costs

  • Income statement:
    • Cost of Goods Sold is higher under LIFO than under FIFO
    • Net income is lower under LIFO than under FIFO
  • Balance sheet:
    • FIFO inventory is the highest
    • LIFO inventory will be the lowest

Financial Statement Effects for Declining Inventory Costs

  • Income statement:
    • Cost of Goods Sold is higher under FIFO than under LIFO.
    • Net income is lower under FIFO than under LIFO
  • Balance sheet:
    • FIFO inventory will be the lowest.
      
    • LIFO inventory will be the highest
      

Lower-of-Cost-or-Market (LCM) rule

  • Requires that inventory be reported in the financial statements at the lower of the inventory's historical cost or its market value
  • Market value generally means the current replacement cost
  • Under IFRS, the market value of inventory is defined as the "net realizable value," or essentially its sales price
  • The IFRS approach results in fewer write-downs on inventory

Inventory Turnover Ratio

  • Measures how rapidly inventory is sold Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold / Average merchandise inventory.
    • Average merchandise inventory = (Beginning merchandise inventory + Ending merchandise inventory) / 2
  • A high turnover rate indicates ease of selling, whereas a low turnover rate indicates difficulty in selling
  • The ratio should be evaluated against industry averages

Days' Sales in Inventory Ratio

  • Measures the average number of days inventory is held by the company.
  • days' sales in inventory = 365 days / Inventory turnover.
  • Some types of inventory will move faster than others
  • For inventory with an expiration date, this measure is very important

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