Access and Equity in Healthcare
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What does the concept of accessibility refer to in health care services?

  • The affordability of services for all individuals.
  • The cultural relevance of healthcare services.
  • The physical presence of healthcare facilities.
  • The ease with which people can reach healthcare services. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a dimension of access to health services?

  • Quality
  • Affordability
  • Rurality (correct)
  • Availability

    • What is a major obstacle to communities accessing health care services?

  • High quality of available services.
  • Excessive number of healthcare providers.
  • Universal Health Coverage implementation.
  • Cultural beliefs against seeking help. (correct)

    • Which factor is essential for achieving equity in health services?

    <p>Accessibility of services for marginalized populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Universal Health Coverage?

    <p>Ensuring that all individuals have access to essential health services without financial hardship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the National Health Insurance Model?

    <p>Payment comes from a government-run insurance programme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following financing mechanisms relies on direct contributions based on income?

    <p>Social health insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does taxation benefit health funding?

    <p>It can include taxes on harmful products to promote health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major downside of the out-of-pocket/private health model?

    <p>Healthcare access is primarily determined by income levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the principle of 'risk-sharing' in private health insurance?

    <p>Some individuals will likely not require treatment each year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key framework for improving access to health services?

    <p>Universal Health Coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements embodied in Universal Health Coverage?

    <p>Comprehensive medical education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is associated with community-based approaches to health service access?

    <p>Utilising community health workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the trade-offs involved in ensuring equity in health coverage?

    <p>Investing in difficult-to-access populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cultural competency training programs play in improving access to health services?

    <p>They enhance communication between healthcare professionals and patients from diverse backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions directly addresses social barriers in healthcare?

    <p>Legal and policy reforms to support vulnerable groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes the importance of decentralising health services?

    <p>Health system strengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of Universal Health Coverage is focused on ensuring services provided are adequate in quality?

    <p>Quality of services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health equity?

    <p>Eliminating avoidable differences in health benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines equity in health?

    <p>Absence of avoidable differences in health access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disparity highlighted between low-income and high-income countries?

    <p>Access to maternal health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lifespan data indicate about life expectancy in low-income countries?

    <p>No country has a life expectancy above 64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement aligns with the quote by Silvia Parker on equity?

    <p>Different groups need different health dispositions to succeed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between income level and life expectancy depicted in the content?

    <p>Life expectancy increases with higher income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of creating health equity, what is desired?

    <p>Minimizing health service access disparities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best captures the essence of health equity?

    <p>Socially determined health differences should be minimized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key indicator of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?

    <p>Proportion of a population that can access essential quality health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for achieving Universal Health Coverage?

    <p>A strong, efficient, well-run health system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of risk assessors (actuaries) in the context of insurance?

    <p>To assess the risk that an individual will fall ill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes out of pocket payments (OOP)?

    <p>Direct payments made by individuals to service providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can significantly improve health systems' ability to provide quality services?

    <p>Reducing inefficient use of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is catastrophic expenditure in healthcare?

    <p>Expenditure exceeding a household’s ability to pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of overreliance on direct payments in healthcare?

    <p>Catastrophic costs for service users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'revenue collection' in the context of health system financing?

    <p>The sources of funding and payment types for health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for paying premiums for expatriate employees in Bahrain's healthcare system?

    <p>Employers of the expatriates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National Health Insurance Fund in Bahrain primarily finance?

    <p>Medical insurance for citizens and residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can address social determinants of health effectively?

    <p>Enhancing access to education and living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a solution to address out of pocket payments for low-income individuals?

    <p>Exemption from payments for those with low income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the availability of resources for healthcare?

    <p>Resource availability varies by country and wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from catastrophic expenditure on health care?

    <p>Falling below the poverty line for households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'affordability' refer to in the context of UHC?

    <p>The impact of health financing on financial hardship when utilizing services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the premium level that an insurance company may set?

    <p>Regular assessments of healthcare provider services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Access and Equity

    • Access to healthcare services involves the timely use of services for optimal health outcomes
    • Availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and quality of services are crucial components of achieving optimal outcomes
    • Universal Health Coverage aims to ensure all people can access services without financial hardship

    Key Enablers and Barriers

    • Individual factors like education level, prior health system experience, and autonomy influence access
    • Household factors such as income, social capital, and religious beliefs also play a role
    • Community beliefs and religious views, as well as distance to healthcare facilities, waiting times, and health worker attitudes affect access
    • Health system availability of essential medicines and supplies impacts access

    Consequences of Limited Access

    • Unequal access leads to preventable diseases, early mortality, and poor health outcomes, placing higher burdens on disadvantaged groups
    • Financial burden on households can occur due to untreated illnesses.
    • Reduced productivity due to untreated health problems results
    • Social and health disparities widen
    • Marginalization of vulnerable populations happens

    Health Equity Defined

    • Health equity is the absence of avoidable differences in benefits available to people, regardless of social, economic, demographic, or geographic factors
    • Health equity aims to create equal opportunities for health and reduce disparities

    Measuring Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

    • Proportion of the population accessing essential quality health services (SDG 3.8.1)
    • Proportion of the population spending a significant amount of household income on health (SDG 3.8.2)

    Achieving UHC

    • Requires a strong health system meeting priority needs through people-centered integrated care
    • Requires a financing system that prevents financial hardship for healthcare use
    • Essential medicines and technologies are crucial for diagnosis and treatment
    • Well-trained and motivated healthcare workers are vital for service delivery
    • Addressing social determinants of health (education, living conditions, and household income) is crucial

    Policy Level Barriers to UHC

    • Resource scarcity, preventing universal access to necessary technologies and interventions
    • Over-reliance on direct payments (e.g., medicine or consultation fees) leading to catastrophic costs
    • Inefficient use of resources (e.g., 20-40% wasted) reducing service quality and increasing health issues

    Health System Financing Mechanisms

    • Direct taxation (e.g., income tax) and indirect taxation (e.g., taxes on harmful products)
    • Social health insurance (employer/employee contributions)
    • Private health insurance (contractual agreements)
    • Out-of-pocket payments (direct payments to providers)

    Healthcare Financing Models

    • Beveridge Model: Government-funded healthcare facilities and staff, aiming for universal coverage with low costs per capita
    • Bismarck Model: Employer/employee financed healthcare insurance, often non-profit, which may exclude lower-income individuals. It focuses on greater cost accessibility.
    • National Health Insurance Model: Private providers but paid through a government insurance program, aimed at universal access and cost control.
    • Out-of-pocket model: Healthcare access is dependent on income; those with higher income can access healthcare with ease whereas those with lower income may not be able to achieve sufficient access.

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    Access and Equity Presentation 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the critical aspects of access to healthcare services and the barriers that prevent individuals from achieving optimal health outcomes. It emphasizes the significance of universal health coverage and the consequences of limited access, particularly for disadvantaged groups. Engage with key concepts such as availability, affordability, and community influences on healthcare access.

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