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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of absolutism?
What is the definition of absolutism?
Thomas Hobbes believed that absolute monarchy was essential to prevent societal chaos.
Thomas Hobbes believed that absolute monarchy was essential to prevent societal chaos.
True
Who was the finance minister responsible for funding the extensions of Versailles?
Who was the finance minister responsible for funding the extensions of Versailles?
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Absolutism is characterized by a strong, centralized monarchy where all power is held by the _____ .
Absolutism is characterized by a strong, centralized monarchy where all power is held by the _____ .
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Which of the following best describes the hierarchy in an absolutist society?
Which of the following best describes the hierarchy in an absolutist society?
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Jacques Bossuet supported the idea that kings ruled by social contract rather than divine right.
Jacques Bossuet supported the idea that kings ruled by social contract rather than divine right.
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Match the following figures with their contributions or beliefs regarding absolutism:
Match the following figures with their contributions or beliefs regarding absolutism:
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What was one of the main features of the gardens designed by Andre Le Notre at Versailles?
What was one of the main features of the gardens designed by Andre Le Notre at Versailles?
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What was a key characteristic of communism as described in the content?
What was a key characteristic of communism as described in the content?
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The rise of unions in the 1800s was primarily driven by improvements in working conditions.
The rise of unions in the 1800s was primarily driven by improvements in working conditions.
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What was the forced outcome of the Treaty of Nanjing for China?
What was the forced outcome of the Treaty of Nanjing for China?
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The _____ was considered the 'jewel in the crown' of the British Empire due to its immense value.
The _____ was considered the 'jewel in the crown' of the British Empire due to its immense value.
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Match the following forms of imperial rule with their descriptions:
Match the following forms of imperial rule with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes Social Darwinism as it relates to imperialism?
Which of the following best describes Social Darwinism as it relates to imperialism?
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Economic interests were a significant cause of imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Economic interests were a significant cause of imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries.
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What role did missionaries play in the justification for imperialism?
What role did missionaries play in the justification for imperialism?
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In the 1800s, workers formed _____ to advocate for better pay and working conditions.
In the 1800s, workers formed _____ to advocate for better pay and working conditions.
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What was a reason for the failure of communism in Russia during the 20th century?
What was a reason for the failure of communism in Russia during the 20th century?
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Which of the following countries were part of the alliance that captured the Russian Fortress at Sevastopol?
Which of the following countries were part of the alliance that captured the Russian Fortress at Sevastopol?
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Women played a significant role as nurses during the War.
Women played a significant role as nurses during the War.
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What was the term used to refer to British rule in India post-1858?
What was the term used to refer to British rule in India post-1858?
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The Suez Canal connects the __________ to the Red Sea.
The Suez Canal connects the __________ to the Red Sea.
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What was a primary reason for the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857?
What was a primary reason for the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857?
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Match the following countries to their involvement in World War I alliances:
Match the following countries to their involvement in World War I alliances:
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The Ottomans won the war on their own, without assistance from other countries.
The Ottomans won the war on their own, without assistance from other countries.
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Who was the leader of Ethiopia at the time of the conflict with Italy?
Who was the leader of Ethiopia at the time of the conflict with Italy?
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Under the leadership of __________, Germany formed the first alliances to prepare for potential wars.
Under the leadership of __________, Germany formed the first alliances to prepare for potential wars.
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What was one of the main causes of militarism in Europe during the 1800s?
What was one of the main causes of militarism in Europe during the 1800s?
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Who led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
Who led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
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The majority of the population in Saint Domingue were free people of color.
The majority of the population in Saint Domingue were free people of color.
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What was the primary invention that revolutionized agricultural practices during the Agricultural Revolution?
What was the primary invention that revolutionized agricultural practices during the Agricultural Revolution?
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The __________ was a phase from 1793-1794 when a campaign of repression led to a large number of executions.
The __________ was a phase from 1793-1794 when a campaign of repression led to a large number of executions.
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Match the following economic systems with their definitions:
Match the following economic systems with their definitions:
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Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
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Toussaint L’ouverture was a leader of the Haitian revolution.
Toussaint L’ouverture was a leader of the Haitian revolution.
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What was the term used to describe the method of taking over and fencing off land that was previously shared by peasant farmers?
What was the term used to describe the method of taking over and fencing off land that was previously shared by peasant farmers?
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The term __________ refers to the movement of people to cities during the Industrial Revolution.
The term __________ refers to the movement of people to cities during the Industrial Revolution.
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Match the following figures with their contributions:
Match the following figures with their contributions:
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What percentage of Europe's sugar was produced in Saint Domingue?
What percentage of Europe's sugar was produced in Saint Domingue?
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The Factory Act of 1833 allowed children under the age of 9 to work in factories.
The Factory Act of 1833 allowed children under the age of 9 to work in factories.
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Who were the Girondists in the context of the French Revolution?
Who were the Girondists in the context of the French Revolution?
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During the Industrial Revolution, conditions in tenements often led to outbreaks of __________.
During the Industrial Revolution, conditions in tenements often led to outbreaks of __________.
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What was Louis XVI's personal emblem?
What was Louis XVI's personal emblem?
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According to John Locke, humans were born with natural rights to 'life, liberty, and property'.
According to John Locke, humans were born with natural rights to 'life, liberty, and property'.
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Which intellectual movement emphasized reason, thought, and the power of individuals in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Which intellectual movement emphasized reason, thought, and the power of individuals in the 17th and 18th centuries?
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Hobbes believed that without government, life would be __________, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
Hobbes believed that without government, life would be __________, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
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Match the Enlightenment thinkers with their beliefs:
Match the Enlightenment thinkers with their beliefs:
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Which act marked the beginning of the radical phase of the French Revolution?
Which act marked the beginning of the radical phase of the French Revolution?
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Louis XVI supported the Civil Constitution of the Clergy privately but not publicly.
Louis XVI supported the Civil Constitution of the Clergy privately but not publicly.
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What did the Declaration of Pillnitz entail?
What did the Declaration of Pillnitz entail?
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The agreement that rulers must protect natural rights and can be replaced if they fail is called the __________.
The agreement that rulers must protect natural rights and can be replaced if they fail is called the __________.
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What was a significant non-violent act during the French Revolution?
What was a significant non-violent act during the French Revolution?
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The sans-culottes were a wealthy group that supported the monarchy.
The sans-culottes were a wealthy group that supported the monarchy.
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When did the French Revolution officially declare France as a republic?
When did the French Revolution officially declare France as a republic?
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Match the events with their descriptions:
Match the events with their descriptions:
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What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy try to do?
What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy try to do?
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Study Notes
Absolutism
- Absolutism emerged in the 1600s, characterized by absolute monarchical rule with unchecked royal power.
- Kings/queens held all power—making laws, levying taxes, waging war, and appointing officials.
- This differed from earlier periods, where power wasn't solely concentrated with the monarch.
- A rigid hierarchy existed: King, nobles, middle-class officials, and commoners.
- Absolutist monarchs maintained a strong, centralized power structure.
- Nobles' military roles diminished, transitioning to serving at the royal court.
- Monarchs relied on educated middle-class officials for counsel.
- Absolutist rulers were glorified through art, architecture, music, and drama.
- Key theorists for absolutism included Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan argued for absolute monarchy as a means to prevent societal chaos.
- Jacques Bossuet, a tutor to Louis XIV, championed the "divine right" of kings, asserting their rule was ordained by God, not a social contract.
Louis XIV & Versailles
- The Palace of Versailles, initially a hunting lodge for Louis XIII, was greatly expanded.
- Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's finance minister, funded the expansions, though the exact cost is unknown due to lost records.
- André Le Nôtre designed the gardens featuring geometric patterns.
- Louis Le Vau designed the symmetrical layout, preserving the original hunting lodge within.
- Charles Le Brun oversaw the lavish interior decor, including marble staircases, painted ceilings, and tapestries/paneling.
- Louis XIV embraced the "Sun King" (Le Roi Soleil) as his personal emblem and symbol.
Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment was an 17th- and 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individual agency.
- Thomas Hobbes, an Enlightenment thinker, believed humans were inherently self-centered and violent, requiring a strong, absolute government.
- Without government, life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
- Hobbes argued a strong government was necessary for order, arising from human necessity rather than divine right.
- John Locke, another Enlightenment figure, viewed humans as creatures of reason and good will with natural rights (life, liberty, and property).
- Locke championed limited government, emphasizing the social contract where rulers protect natural rights.
- Philosophes were thinkers who debated social problems and reforms, advocating for reason over religion and natural laws governing society.
French Revolution
- Key events of the French Revolution included the Tennis Court Oath, August Decrees, and Declaration of Rights. Violent events like the storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear (peasants killing nobles) occurred.
- Parisian women, angry over bread prices, stormed Versailles in 1789.
- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were brought back to Paris.
- The Revolution led to the dismantling of the Church's privileged position and the implementation of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
- The creation of a limited monarchy in 1791 marked the shift away from absolutism.
- Emigrés (nobles fleeing) sought to counter the revolution.
- Louis and Marie attempted a failed escape, which led to charges of treason and capture.
- The Declaration of Pillnitz threatened intervention from Austria and Prussia, and war followed.
- The September Massacres, a wave of violence against nobles and clergy, signified the radicalization of the revolution.
Reign of Terror
- The Legislative Assembly was replaced by the Convention, which abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
- Universal male suffrage was introduced.
- The execution of Louis XVI led to the formation of the Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre.
- This committee implemented mass repression against anti-revolutionaries (1793-1794), resulting in approximately 250,000 executions.
- Disagreements emerged between Jacobins (pro-terror) and Girondists (anti-terror).
Thermidorian Reaction & Directory
- The Thermidorian Reaction marked the end of the Reign of Terror as members of the National Committee turned against Robespierre.
- The Directory, a five-man executive, and a two-house legislature elected by male citizens of property, replaced the Convention.
Haitian Revolution
- Saint-Domingue, the French Caribbean colony, was a major producer of sugar and coffee, relied heavily on slave labor.
- Toussaint L'Ouverture led the Haitian Revolution against French rule, emphasizing the natural rights of enslaved people.
Agricultural Revolution
- The Dutch improved farming techniques.
- The British introduced crop rotation, the seed drill, and enclosure, impacting agriculture and contributing to the Industrial Revolution.
- Enclosure methods facilitated urbanization by displacing peasant farmers.
Industrial Revolution
- The Industrial Revolution, initiated in Britain, primarily impacted the textile industry.
- The factory system emerged, altering working conditions and leading to urbanization.
- The factory system featured poor living conditions, child labor, and a widening wealth gap.
- Innovations in transportation (canals, railroads, steamships) aided industrial growth.
Rise of Ideologies
- Capitalism, as espoused by Adam Smith, promotes private ownership, investment, and free markets.
- Socialism, rooted in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, advocates for public ownership and societal welfare.
- Communism, a form of socialism, envisions a classless society without private property and government.
- Labor unions arose to address poor working conditions and wages.
Imperialism
- Imperialism, prevalent in the 19th and 20th centuries, involved European expansion into Asia and Africa for economic, political, and social reasons.
- Causes included access to resources, new markets, population outlets, and a perceived duty to spread Western "civilization."
- Forms of imperial rule included colonies (direct and indirect control), protectorates (supervised local rulers), and spheres of influence (exclusive trading privileges).
British Imperialism in India
- The British East India Company, initially involved in trade, gained increasing territorial control.
- Sepoys, Indian soldiers, revolted in 1857, ultimately losing due to internal conflicts.
- Britain formally took control of India in 1858, considering it a vital colony.
Opium Wars
- Britain's opium trade with China led to conflict.
- The Opium Wars (1839-1842) forced China into unequal treaties, opening ports, ceding territory, and granting extraterritorial rights.
Crimean War
- The Crimean War (1853-1856) involved conflicts over Russian expansion and Ottoman control.
- The war revealed the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire, and new military technologies emerged.
Resistance Movements
- Resistance against imperialism arose in various forms like the Sepoy Rebellion and the Opium Wars.
Causes of WWI
- Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
WWI Home Front
- Total war involved channeling a nation's resources into the war effort.
- Economic measures included drafts, increased taxes, borrowing, and rationing.
- Women took on roles in industry and the armed forces.
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Description
Explore the concept of absolutism that emerged in the 1600s, highlighting the centralization of power under monarchs like Louis XIV. Discover how kings and queens controlled various aspects of governance and the role of key theorists such as Thomas Hobbes and Jacques Bossuet in legitimizing absolute rule. This quiz delves into the rigid hierarchy and cultural manifestations of absolutism during this period.
