Absolutism and Louis XIV

A form of government where the monarch holds absolute power, with no limitations.

A system of social hierarchy in absolutist societies, with the king at the top, followed by nobles, middle-class officials, and the rest of the population.

The idea that monarchs rule by God's will, giving them absolute authority and making them accountable only to God.

A social contract theory that argues an absolute monarch is needed to prevent chaos and maintain order in society.

The grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing the grandeur and power of the French monarchy.

A concept advocating for an absolute monarch's responsibility to care for the needs of their people.

The use of art, architecture, music, and drama to glorify the king and the monarchy.

The shift in power from nobles to a centralized monarchy, with nobles becoming court officials instead of military leaders.

A political and economic system where all means of production are owned and controlled by the people, with no private property or government.

A group of workers who come together to bargain for better working conditions and wages through collective action.

The period from the 19th to 20th century where European powers colonized and controlled parts of Asia and Africa.

The idea that European nations were more advanced and had a duty to spread Western civilization to 'lesser' nations.

The belief that European superiority was due to their advanced technology, military, and medical knowledge.

A type of colonial rule where European powers directly administer and control the conquered territory.

A type of colonial rule where European powers use local rulers and elites to maintain control. Local rulers are groomed to follow Western ideas.

An area where an outside power has exclusive trading and investment privileges.

The British East India Company, a private trading company that eventually gained political control over large parts of India.

Indian soldiers trained by the British East India Company.

A philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individual thought, and human ability to solve problems during the 17th and 18th centuries.

A political philosopher who believed that humans are naturally selfish and prone to violence, requiring a strong government to maintain peace and order.

A concept proposed by Thomas Hobbes, stating that individuals surrender some of their personal freedoms to a sovereign in exchange for security and order.

A state of complete chaos and anarchy, without any government or rule of law.

A form of government dominated by an oppressive or cruel ruler.

A political philosopher advocating for natural rights, limited government, and the right to revolt against tyranny.

Rights inherent to all humans, regardless of social status or government, as defined by John Locke.

A group of intellectuals and writers who debated social issues and proposed reforms during the Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and progress.

The uprising of Parisian women on October 5th, 1789, demanding lower bread prices and demonstrating against the monarchy's inaction.

A group of working-class revolutionaries during the French Revolution, known for their radical views and support of the common people.

The period of radical violence and repression in France during the Revolution, led by the Committee of Public Safety.

The French National Assembly that replaced the Legislative Assembly during the Reign of Terror, solidifying the Republic and enacting radical reforms.

The decision by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to flee France and seek foreign intervention to put down the Revolution.

A formal declaration issued by Austrian monarch Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia, threatening to intervene in France to restore the monarchy.

The storming and massacres of Paris prisons by sans culottes on September 2nd, 1792, targeting nobles, clergy, and common criminals, marking a shift toward radicalism.

A war fought from 1853-1856 between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France, and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

A rebellion against British rule in India in 1857, sparked by the use of rifle cartridges greased with animal fat, which offended both Hindus and Muslims.

The period of British rule in India from 1858 until 1947, characterized by direct control and significant changes to Indian society.

A canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, opened in 1869, greatly reducing travel time between Europe and Asia, particularly India, China, and the East.

A treaty between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889, which was later contested by Ethiopia due to differing versions of the treaty, leading to the Battle of Adwa.

A victory for Ethiopia against Italy in 1896, proving that a non-European nation could modernize and defeat a European power.

The glorification of military strength and readiness for war, a key factor in the build-up to World War I.

A series of alliances between European powers in the late 19th century, designed to protect each other in case of attack but ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I.

A strong sense of national pride and unity, often accompanied by a belief in the superiority of one's nation, a driving force behind several conflicts in Europe.

The group that advocated for and implemented the Reign of Terror in France, believing it was necessary to eliminate opposition to the revolution and protect its ideals.

The execution of thousands of individuals suspected of opposing the French Revolution, predominantly using the guillotine.

The end of the Reign of Terror in July 1794, marked by the arrest and execution of Maximilien Robespierre, the leader of the Committee of Public Safety.

The new French government established after the Reign of Terror, consisting of a five-man Directory and a bicameral legislature.

A revolt against the French government in Saint-Domingue (Haiti), led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, ultimately leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent Black republic.

The French colony in Latin America that became the birthplace of the Haitian Revolution, known for its vast sugar and coffee production and its slave labor force.

The group of wealthy white landowners who controlled most of the land and wealth in Saint-Domingue but often did not reside on the island.

People of color born free or who were freed from slavery in Saint-Domingue, who held some land and slaves but were denied political rights.

The group consisting of poor white artisans and laborers in Saint-Domingue who were often alienated from the wealthier white landowners.

The leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave who fought for the freedom of his people and skillfully united slaves and free people of color in their resistance.

The transformation of agricultural practices in Europe during the 18th century, marked by new techniques, crop rotations, and land enclosures.

The practice of enclosing and fencing off previously common land to create larger, more efficient farms, primarily for sheep raising, which led to increased wool production but also caused displacement of peasant farmers.

The emergence of factories as centers of production, fueled by new technologies and the availability of workers displaced by the enclosure movement.

The practice of employing children in factories, often at young ages, due to their low wages and ability to work in confined spaces, but resulting in exploitation and potential health risks.

The concentration of population in cities, driven by the Enclosure Movement, population growth, and the demand for workers in factories.