Aboriginal History - Timelines and Events
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Questions and Answers

What was the impact of the Commonwealth Franchise Act of 1902 on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

It excluded them from voting in federal elections, denying them access to Commonwealth Government regulations and benefits.

How did the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 relate to the White Australia Policy?

It aimed to maintain a population of European descent in Australia, viewed as a response to concerns over racial purity.

During the Great Depression, what additional hardships did Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples face?

Many lost family endowment payments, faced overcrowded reserves, and experienced more frequent child removals.

What was the goal of the assimilation policy agreed upon in 1937?

<p>The aim was for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to abandon their cultures and adopt white Australian lifestyles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Gough Whitlam respond to the White Australia Policy?

<p>He expressed profound embarrassment and worked actively to change the policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general societal view of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples during the early 20th century?

<p>They were often seen as an undesirable race and not considered part of Australian society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy actions led to the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families?

<p>The practices of the Protection Board, particularly during the 1930s, facilitated these removals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequences did the Immigration Restriction Act have on non-European immigrants?

<p>It effectively barred non-European immigrants, reinforcing a racially homogenous society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Stolen Generations, and when did the policy of forced removal cease?

<p>The Stolen Generations refers to thousands of Aboriginal children who were forcibly removed from their families under assimilation policies, with this practice continuing until the early 1970s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the first Aboriginal protest organisation, and in what year?

<p>Fred Maynard founded the Australian Aboriginal Progress Association in Sydney in 1925.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'terra nullius' signify in the context of late 18th century Australia?

<p>'Terra nullius' means that the land was deemed unoccupied and therefore could be settled by British colonisers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event did William Cooper propose to commemorate on January 26, 1938?

<p>William Cooper proposed that January 26, 1938, be marked as a 'Day of Mourning' for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the Protection Policy established in the 1860s?

<p>The primary objective of the Protection Policy was to safeguard Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples from violence and ensure they received basic rations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant statement was produced during the Day of Mourning in 1938?

<p>A statement called 'Aborigines Claim Citizenship Rights' was produced by about 1000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what event was the Commonwealth of Australia proclaimed, and what was the impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

<p>The Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed on January 1, 1901, and it resulted in states gaining responsibility for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, often neglecting their rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Australian government view Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander enlistment during WWII initially?

<p>Initially, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men were divided on enlisting, and they were not recognized as Australian citizens when they did serve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the designation of Australia as 'terra nullius' lead to conflicts with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

<p>The designation led to conflicts as these Indigenous groups fought to defend their land and way of life against British settlers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for many Aboriginal men who served in World War II?

<p>Over 3000 Aboriginal men served in WWII, facing hardships similar to their European counterparts, with many being killed or becoming prisoners of war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were 'Protectors' tasked with under the Protection Policy, and what was the outcome for many Aboriginal children?

<p>'Protectors' were appointed to ensure the safety of Aboriginal Peoples, but many Aboriginal children, especially 'half-castes', were forcibly removed from their families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the reasons behind the policy of removing 'half-caste' children?

<p>The policy aimed to assimilate these children into European society under the belief it was in their best interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia state regarding Aboriginal Peoples when it was established?

<p>The Constitution stated that responsibility for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples was left to the states, excluding the Northern Territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the removal policies have on Aboriginal children and their families?

<p>The removal policies led to a profound loss of birth family, culture, and identity for many Aboriginal children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Protection Policy affect the living conditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples during the 1860s?

<p>The Protection Policy led to the forced relocation of Aboriginal Peoples to reserves and limited their access to resources and autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can the term 'terra nullius' be seen as a contentious aspect of Australian history?

<p>'Terra nullius' is contentious because it negated the existing rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, leading to dispossession and suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary limitation of the Soldier Settlement Scheme for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander servicemen after the war?

<p>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander servicemen were not eligible for land blocks under the Soldier Settlement Scheme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the citizenship certificates impact Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the 1940s?

<p>They required individuals to abandon their communities and cultural ties while granting some legal rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Nationality and Citizenship Act of 1949 bring to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

<p>It legally recognized them as 'Australian' citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which states did not allow Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to vote in federal elections despite federal grants?

<p>Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a condition for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to receive federal voting rights in 1949?

<p>They had to have completed military service or already had the right to vote in their home state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the strikes by Aboriginal workers in 1950-51 in Darwin?

<p>To demand better pay and working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy required Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to adopt British culture, as mentioned in the context of migrants?

<p>The assimilation policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples counted in the census prior to the 1967 Referendum?

<p>They were not counted in the census.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two UN covenants that guided the Whitlam Government's policy on Aboriginal rights?

<p>The 1966 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC) established by the Whitlam Government?

<p>To give Aboriginal Australians a voice to assist and inform the government of their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 passed by Fraser's Liberal Government?

<p>It recognized and protected the interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by granting them legal ownership of land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central argument of Eddie Mabo regarding Mer Island?

<p>Mabo argued that the land was his people's inheritance and had belonged to their ancestors for generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Prime Minister Hawke's goal in 1991 regarding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

<p>To improve the relationship between Aboriginal communities and the broader Australian society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place on February 13, 2008, under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd?

<p>Kevin Rudd delivered the 'Sorry Speech' as part of the National Sorry Day initiative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistics highlight the disparity faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in terms of custody and imprisonment?

<p>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples were 17.3% more likely to be arrested and 14.7% more likely to be imprisoned than non-Aboriginal people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People died in custody during the 1980s?

<p>At least 99 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People died while held in custody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Wave Hill strike in 1966?

<p>The main reason was the delay in gaining equal pay and poor working conditions for Aboriginal stockmen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant ruling did the Federal Arbitration Commission make in March 1966?

<p>It ruled that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Peoples must be paid equally for the same work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders established in 1957?

<p>Its purpose was to represent Indigenous civil rights and welfare organisations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the integration policy affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the mid-1960s?

<p>It aimed to help them fit into mainstream society while recognizing their cultural attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prominent event in 1965 heightened public awareness of Aboriginal issues?

<p>The New South Wales 'freedom ride' was a significant event that raised public awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant constitutional change occurred on May 27, 1967?

<p>A referendum was held to amend the Constitution concerning Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the Whitlam Labor Government take regarding Aboriginal affairs in 1972?

<p>It upgraded the Commonwealth Office of Aboriginal Affairs to ministerial level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for the leaders of the Wave Hill strike?

<p>The leaders were imprisoned due to the strike's lack of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aboriginal History - Timelines and Events

  • Late 18th Century: British declared the continent "Terra Nullius," meaning it belonged to no one. Bloody conflicts ensued as Indigenous peoples fought to maintain their way of life.
  • 1860s: Concerns about Indigenous treatment led to the appointment of "Protectors." Indigenous people were often forcibly moved onto reserves managed by the government or churches.
  • 1901: Federation of Australia; Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people were, in most cases, not included in the national census. Commonwealth Franchise Act excluded them from Federal voting. White Australia policy, though not explicitly racist, indirectly reinforced the view that Indigenous people were undesirable.
  • 1930s (Great Depression): Indigenous people experienced hardships; family endowment payments were often lost or reduced. The Protection Board forced Indigenous people back onto reserves.
  • 1930s - 1970s: Assimilation Policy; Forced removal of Indigenous children from their families (the Stolen Generations). Children were often sent to institutions or placed with non-Indigenous families. This policy aimed at Indigenous people abandoning their traditional culture.
  • 1920s/1930s: Indigenous protest movements emerged as early as 1925 and continued into the 1930s.
  • 1967: A referendum amended the Australian Constitution, granting Indigenous people recognition and the right to vote.
  • 1972: Change from the Commonwealth Office of Aboriginal Affairs to a ministerial level, indicating greater government involvement.
  • 1976: The Aboriginal Land Rights Act passed. Recognised Indigenous ownership over land.
  • 1981: The Mabo ruling contested the concept of "Terra Nullius."
  • 1991: Prime Minister Hawke launched a 10-year plan for Reconciliation.
  • 2008: "Sorry Day" marked an apology from the government to Indigenous Australians for past injustices.
  • 1990s: Concerns about social issues like youth suicides, domestic violence, and child abuse increased in the Northern Territory.
  • 1990s-2000s: Indigenous deaths in custody occurred at a disproportionately higher rate.
  • 2023: Discussions around a proposed Indigenous Voice to Parliament.
  • 1940s-1970s: WWII saw Indigenous Australians serving in the military but often not recognised as full citizens after the conflict.

Key Issues and Policies

  • Terra Nullius: British claim that Australia was uninhabited land.
  • Protection Policy: Government policy to "protect" Indigenous Australians, often leading to forced relocation and cultural suppression.
  • Assimilation Policy: Government policy for Indigenous Australians to adopt white Australian culture, often resulting in the Stolen Generations.
  • White Australia Policy: Immigration policy (1901) designed to favour migrants from European countries.
  • Stolen Generations: Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families.
  • Reconciliation: Process to improve relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.
  • Indigenous Voice to Parliament: Proposed constitutional amendment involving a body made up by Indigenous Australians to give advice to Government.

Additional information

  • Legislation like the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, directly influenced the White Australia policy.
  • Policies like the integration process, attempts to meld Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.

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Aboriginal History: Timeline and Events (PDF)

Description

Explore the significant timelines and events that have shaped Indigenous history in Australia. From early British claims of 'Terra Nullius' to the impacts of various policies, this quiz highlights critical moments of struggle and resilience. Test your knowledge on the history of Indigenous peoples from the late 18th century to recent decades.

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