Abnormal Implantation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is considered a type of placenta previa where the placenta does not reach the internal os?

  • Partial placenta previa
  • Low lying placenta previa (correct)
  • Marginal placenta previa
  • Complete placenta previa

    • At what point does the second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte complete?

  • At time of ovulation
  • At fetal life
  • Before ovulation
  • At fertilization (correct)

    • Which hormone is primarily used for the detection of pregnancy?

  • Estrogen
  • Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
  • Progesterone
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (correct)

    • Which stage is primarily associated with implantation?

    <p>Blastocyst stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone governs the preovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Follicular stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the removal of the cholesterol coat covering the acrosome?

    <p>Capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of fertilization?

    <p>Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is derived from the ectoderm?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>In the ampulla of the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is mesodermal in origin?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the structure that is an endodermal derivative.

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process responsible for the formation of the three germ layers is known as what?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the embryo is considered bilaminar?

    <p>Buccopharyngeal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fetal part of the placenta formed by?

    <p>Chorion frondosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component forms the placental barrier in early pregnancy?

    <p>Endothelial of fetal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the maternal surface of the placenta into numerous cotyledons?

    <p>Placental septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical weight of a full term placenta?

    <p>500 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of placenta is characterized by its disc shape?

    <p>Normal placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a low lying placenta previa?

    <p>Placenta not reaching the internal os</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicative of a placenta previa?

    <p>Placenta covering the internal cervical os</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anomaly involves the placenta growing into the myometrium?

    <p>Placenta accreta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cotyledons can the maternal surface of a full term placenta be divided into?

    <p>15 - 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does an accessory lobe of placenta form?

    <p>Accessory placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the fetal surface of a full term placenta?

    <p>It is formed by chorion frondosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from a very long umbilical cord?

    <p>Winding around the fetus's neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue associated with a very short umbilical cord?

    <p>Separation of the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of umbilical cord attachment is characterized by the cord ending in the membranes surrounding the placenta?

    <p>Velamentous attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes true knots from false knots in umbilical cords?

    <p>True knots are rare and may lead to fetal death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of twins are dizygotic?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins results from the splitting of a single original embryo?

    <p>Monozygotic twins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conjoined twins involves fusion between two heads?

    <p>Craniopagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dizygotic twins in terms of their traits?

    <p>They can have different external appearances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of amniocentesis during pregnancy?

    <p>To withdraw amniotic fluid for genetic analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific condition does an increased level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal serum primarily indicate?

    <p>Neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational age is chorionic villus sampling (CVS) preferred?

    <p>10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure represents the fetal part of the placenta?

    <p>Chorion frondosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of oligohydramnios during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal renal agenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for amniocentesis?

    <p>Karyotyping of fetal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal structure is primarily involved in forming the maternal part of the placenta?

    <p>Decidua basalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition associated with polyhydramnios during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal obstructive uropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Abnormal Sites of Implantation

    • Ectopic pregnancy: implantation occurs outside the uterus.
      • Uterine tube (tubal pregnancy): most common.
      • Abdominal cavity: rare.
      • Ovary (ovarian pregnancy): very rare.
    • Placenta previa: placenta develops in the lower segment of the uterus near the internal os.

    Types of Placenta Previa

    • Low-lying placenta previa: placenta is in the lower part of the uterus but doesn't reach the internal os.
    • Marginal placenta previa: placenta's edge reaches the margin of the internal os.
    • Partial placenta previa: placenta partially covers the internal os.
    • Complete placenta previa: placenta completely covers the internal os.

    Normal Fertilization

    • Occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

    Second Meiotic Division of Secondary Oocyte

    • Completes at fertilization.

    Implantation Stage

    • Blastocyst stage is crucial for implantation.

    Result of Fertilization

    • Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes.

    Acrosomal Reaction

    • Removal of the cholesterol coat and glycoprotein coat covering the acrosome.

    Pregnancy Detection Hormone

    • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) is used for pregnancy detection.

    Preovulatory Phase of Ovarian Cycle

    • Influenced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

    Postovulatory Phase of Ovarian Cycle

    • Influenced by progesterone.

    Embryonic Folding & Its Effects

    • Primitive gut: forms foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
    • Definitive yolk sac: smaller than the primitive yolk sac.
    • Yolk sac stalk: connects the yolk sac to the embryo.

    Ectodermal Derivatives

    • Epidermis

    Endodermal Derivatives

    • Urinary bladder

    Mesodermal Derivatives

    • Dermis

    Gastrulation

    • Process of forming the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

    Bilaminar Areas of the Embryo

    • Buccopharyngeal membrane
    • Septum transversum
    • Cardiac area

    Placenta Components

    • Fetal part: formed by the chorion frondosum.
    • Maternal part: formed by the decidua basalis.

    Chorion Parts

    • Chorion frondosum: forms the fetal part of the placenta.
    • Chorion laeve: villi degenerate.

    Decidua

    • Decidua basalis: lies over the chorionic frondosum.
    • Decidua capsularis: covers the chorion laeve.
    • Decidua parietalis: lines the remaining part of the uterine cavity.

    Internal Structure of Placenta

    • Chorionic villi: filled with fetal blood.
    • Intervillous spaces: filled with maternal blood.
    • Placental septa: divide the maternal surface into 15-20 cotyledons.

    Placental Barrier

    • Early pregnancy: formed by the endothelium of fetal vessels and extra-embryonic mesoderm.
    • Late pregnancy: formed by the endothelium of fetal vessels, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast.

    Full-Term Placenta

    • Disc-shaped:
      • Diameter: 15-25 cm
      • Thickness: 3 cm
      • Weight: 500 g.

    Full Term Placenta Surfaces

    • Fetal surface: formed by the chorion frondosum.
    • Maternal surface: formed by the decidua basalis.

    Placental Anomalies

    • Shape anomalies:
      • Diffuse placenta (placenta membranacea): all fetal membranes remain covered by chorionic villi.
      • Accessory placenta (succenturiate placenta): a main placenta with a small accessory lobe.
      • Bidiscoidal placenta: two disc-like equal parts.
    • Invasion anomalies:
      • Placenta accreta: placenta grows superficially into the myometrium.
      • Placenta increta: placenta grows into the myometrium.
      • Placenta percreta: placenta invades the myometrium and perimetrium.
    • Attachment anomalies:
      • Placenta previa: placenta develops in the lower segment of the uterus near the internal os.
    • Chord anomalies:
      • Very long umbilical cord: may wind around the fetus's neck and cause death.
      • Very short umbilical cord: may cause premature separation of the placenta.
    • Umbilical cord anomalies:
      • Eccentric attachment.
      • Marginal attachment (battledore placenta).
      • Velamentous attachment: cord ends in the membranes surrounding the placenta.
    • False knots: caused by excessive tortuosity of umbilical vessels.
    • True knots: rare but dangerous; they obstruct blood flow in umbilical vessels, leading to fetal death.
    • Single umbilical artery: one umbilical artery instead of two.

    Twins

    • Dizygotic (fraternal):
      • Incidence: 70% of twins.
      • Mechanism: two ova released simultaneously.
      • Characteristics: 2 placentae, 2 chorionic cavities, 2 amniotic cavities.
      • Sex: can be the same or different.
    • Monozygotic (identical):
      • Incidence: 30% of twins.
      • Mechanism: splitting of a single embryo.
      • Characteristics: can share no, some, or all their fetal membranes.
      • Sex: always the same sex.

    Siamese (Conjoined) Twins

    • Fused monozygotic twins due to incomplete separation of the embryonic disc.
    • Types:
      • Craniopagus: fusion of two heads.
      • Thoracopagus: fusion at the thoracic region.
      • Pygopagus: fusion at the pelvic region.

    Prenatal Diagnosis Techniques

    • Non-invasive:
      • Maternal serum screening: measures levels of alfa-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and hCG.
      • Ultrasound.
    • Invasive:
      • Amniocentesis: sampling amniotic fluid; preferred after 16 weeks gestation.
      • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): sampling chorionic villi; preferred at 10 weeks gestation.

    Maternal Serum Screening

    • AFP:
      • Increased: neural tube defects.
      • Decreased: Down syndrome.
    • uE3:
      • Increased: throughout pregnancy.
      • Decreased: Down syndrome.
    • hCG:
      • Increased: Down syndrome.
      • Decreased: Down syndrome.

    Invasive Tests

    • Amniocentesis:
      • Withdrawal of amniotic fluid for analysis of bilirubin levels, AFP, and fetal cells.
    • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS):
      • Sampling of chorionic villi for DNA analysis and chromosomal abnormality detection.

    Fetal Part of Placenta

    • Chorion frondosum

    Maternal Part of Placenta

    • Decidua basalis

    Polyhydramnios Causes

    • Diabetic mother
    • Fetus with renal agenesia
    • Fetus with obstructive uropathy

    Oligohydramnios Causes

    • Fetus with esophageal atresia
    • Fetus with renal agenesia

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    Revision General Embryology MCQ PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on abnormal sites of implantation, including ectopic pregnancy and types of placenta previa. This quiz will cover essential concepts such as normal fertilization and the implantation stage critical for human development.

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