Abdomen II Final Exam Review
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of ultrasound guidance during interventional procedures?

  • To provide continuous real-time visualization of the biopsy needle (correct)
  • To monitor the patient's oxygen saturation
  • To determine the patient's emotional state
  • To measure the patient's blood pressure
  • Which of the following represents a possible complication of interventional procedures?

  • Increased mobility of the extremities
  • Seroma (correct)
  • Strengthened tendons
  • Enhanced blood circulation
  • Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for interventional procedures?

  • Uncorrectable bleeding disorder
  • Uncooperative patient
  • Ongoing anticoagulative therapy
  • Presence of a viral infection (correct)
  • What is the normal anterior-posterior measurement for the Achilles tendon?

    <p>5-6 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artifact occurs when a sound beam is bent to an oblique path?

    <p>Refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily characterized by inflammation of a tendon due to overuse?

    <p>Tendinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cystic collection aspirations is true?

    <p>It includes aspirations of large cysts and seromas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a direct outcome of a vasovagal reaction during a procedure?

    <p>Fainting or loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Baker's Cyst?

    <p>A synovial fluid accumulation in a bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a complication of a Baker's Cyst?

    <p>Rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern is associated with the progression of cellulitis?

    <p>Cobblestone pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of a grade III muscle tear, what characteristic can be expected?

    <p>Retraction and thickening of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between an intramuscular hematoma and a subcutaneous hematoma?

    <p>Depth and location of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal abnormality indicates a need for ultrasound in neonates?

    <p>Presence of skin tags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should infants with dimple abnormalities be scanned for spinal issues?

    <p>Before 6 months of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical endpoint of the conus medullaris?

    <p>At or before L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a tethered cord?

    <p>The spinal cord is fixed to surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diastematomyelia?

    <p>A splitting of the spinal cord into two hemi-cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the deeper grooves on the surface of the brain?

    <p>Fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hydromyelia' refer to?

    <p>Dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers of protective coverings around the brain and spinal cord called?

    <p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for a mass that is likely to be benign when found alone?

    <p>Cyst of filum terminale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the superficial prominences or convolutions on the surface of the brain?

    <p>Gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal measurement range for the alpha angle in hip joint assessments?

    <blockquote> <p>60 degrees</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does the femoral head lie outside the acetabulum?

    <p>Dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Ortolani maneuver, how are the hips positioned in relation to the midline?

    <p>Away from the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic position of the femoral head in a subluxation?

    <p>Not fully in the socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which angle is better at describing acetabular depth?

    <p>Alpha angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common benign mass found in the breast?

    <p>Cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure would confirm that the hip can be dislocated?

    <p>Barlow maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Cooper's ligaments serve in the breast?

    <p>Support breast tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroids?

    <p>Secreting and absorbing cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

    <p>Foramen of Monro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PVL stand for and what is it associated with?

    <p>Periventricular leukomalacia, related to lack of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are considered risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?

    <p>Breech presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the anatomy of the hip joint is correct?

    <p>The femoral head begins to ossify between 2 to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to periventricular bleeds, what area is most susceptible due to increased capillary fragility?

    <p>Caudothalamic groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs indicates a potential need for hip ultrasound?

    <p>Asymmetrical thigh skin folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

    <p>Tentorium cerebelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Abdomen II Final Exam Review

    • Interventional Procedures: Used for aspiration of abscesses, cysts, and fluid collections.
    • Paracentesis: Removal of peritoneal fluid with a catheter (ultrasound is the gold standard).
    • Thoracentesis: Removal of pleural fluid collections with a catheter.
    • Amniocentesis: A procedure used to collect a sample of amniotic fluid for testing.
    • Cystic collections: Aspirations of large cysts, seromas, Baker's cysts, and joint effusions.
    • Abscesses: Aspirations of infected collections, including deep pelvic and peritoneal lesions.

    Interventional Procedures - Advantages and Biopsies

    • Ultrasound Advantage: Continuous real-time visualization of the biopsy needle allows for adjustments during the procedure.
    • Biopsy Use: To determine if a mass is benign, malignant, or infectious.

    Interventional Procedures - Complications

    • Postprocedural pain or discomfort
    • Vasovagal reactions
    • Hematomas
    • AV fistulas
    • Hemorrhage
    • Seroma
    • Pancreatitis
    • Pneumothorax
    • Infection
    • Peritonitis
    • Death
    • Inconclusive biopsy results

    Interventional Procedures - Contraindications

    • Uncorrectable bleeding disorder (coagulopathy)
    • Ongoing anticoagulant therapy (e.g., heparin, coumadin, some supplements)
    • Lack of a safe needle path
    • Uncooperative or non-consentable patient

    Musculoskeletal Ultrasound - Artifacts

    • Anisotropy: Occurs when curved surfaces are being imaged, depending on the angle of the probe's rocking (heel-toe rocking creates optimal 90° imaging).
    • Refraction: Bending of transmitted sound beams to an oblique path, appearing as an edge artifact.
    • Reverberation: Arises when ultrasound signals repeatedly reflect between highly reflective interfaces.

    Tendons

    • Achilles: Largest tendon.
    • Normal AP Measurement: 5-6mm.
    • Insertion Point: Calcaneus bone.
    • Connection: Connects gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the calcaneus.

    Tendinitis

    • Cause: Age-related elasticity loss, rheumatoid arthritis, overuse, or acute trauma.
    • Common Locations: Shoulder, wrist, heel, and elbow.

    Baker's Cyst

    • Bursa: Small sac between two moving surfaces (tendon and bone).
    • Types: Communicating and non-communicating.
    • Location: Synovial fluid in the medial popliteal fossa of communicating bursa.
    • Causes: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or overuse of the knee.
    • Complications: Rupture, hemorrhage, and extension to the calf.

    Cellulitis

    • Initial Effect: Thickening of the subcutaneous layer.
    • Progression: Subcutaneous edema increases, appearing as a "cobblestone" pattern.
    • Mechanism: Edema forms around subcutaneous fat globules and connective tissues.
    • Diagnostic Aid: Color flow Doppler may show hyperemia caused by inflammation.

    Muscle Trauma

    • Full Tear (Grade III): Muscle retracts, thickens, and potentially has free fluid surrounding it.

    Muscle Tears

    • Visualization: Free fluid between two muscles.

    Hematoma

    • Definition: A solid swelling caused by localized bleeding and clotted blood within tissues, due to trauma or disease.
    • Types: Intramuscular and subcutaneous

    Neonatal Spine - Indications for US

    • Dimple Abnormalities: More than 2.5 cm from the anus, asymmetrical, or very deep.
    • Other Indications: Hairy patches, cutaneous extensions, lumps along the spine, hemangiomas, or skin tags.

    Neonatal Spine - Spinal Canal Contents

    • Diagram labels: 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) and 4 ( )

    Neonatal Spine - Questions

    • Caudal End of Spinal Cord: (The question is incomplete here and doesn't provide an expected answer).
    • Nerve Roots: (The question is incomplete here and doesn't provide an answer).
    • Cauda Equina Structures: (The question is incomplete here and doesn't provide an expected answer)
    • Conus Medullaris: To be considered normal, the conus medullaris should typically end at or before (the question is incomplete here and doesn't provide an expected answer).
    • Lumbar, Sacral Vertebrae, Coccyx Location: (The question is incomplete here and doesn't provide an answer).

    Neonatal Spine - Additional Information

    • Structures Seen: The spinal cord, spinal cord, and other structures are visualized in images.
    • Common Benign Findings: Cysts in the filum terminale are often seen. These are usually inconsequential
    • Meningocele/Meningomyelocele: Spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid protrudes.
    • Tethered Cord: Spinal cord fixation at an abnormal caudal location.
    • Hydromelia: Dilation of central canal
    • Diastematomyelia: Splitting of spinal cord into symmetrical or asymmetrical hemi-cords.

    Neonatal Head - Identifying Cranium Bones

    • Images provide labelled locations: 1 ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), 4 ( )

    Neonatal Head - Identifying Structures

    • Midline Structures: The text does not provide the specific names for these structures.

    Neonatal Head - Choroids

    • Choroids: Masses of special cells within choroid plexuses formed bilaterally.
    • Function: Regulate intraventricular pressure through secretion and absorption.

    Neonatal - Christmas Tree Image: Tentorium Cerebelli

    • Tentorium Cerebelli: V-shaped extension of dura in the posterior fossa, separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

    The Ventricles

    • Locations: The ventricles are in various planes sagittal, parasagittal, and coronal. The fluid content is the brain tissue itself.

    The Caudothalamic Groove

    • Location: Fusion area for the thalamus and caudate nucleus.
    • Significance: A site of increased capillary fragility that is a frequent site of periventricular bleeds

    PVL - Periventricular Leukomalacia

    • Definition: Related to a lack of oxygen or a reduction of cerebral perfusion resulting in multiple periventricular white matter infarcts and necrosis; noticeable on ultrasound as asymmetrical areas of increased echogenicity.

    Neonatal Hips

    • Indications for Ultrasound: Hip “click” on manipulation, shortening of the femur, asymmetrical thigh skin folds, Galeazzi sign.

    Risk Factors for Developmental Hip Dysplasia (DDH)

    • Factors: Female neonate, family history of DDH, breech presentation, primigravida uterus, oligohydramnios, and swaddling.

    Galeazzi Sign

    • This sign describes the angle of the iliac bones, and it is an indicator of hip displacement.

    Anatomy of the Pelvis

    • Bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis make up the pelvic girdle.

    Anatomy of the Hip

    • Ball and Socket: The femoral head (ball) is paired with acetabulum (socket)..
    • Cartilage and Bone: The acetabulum is made up of cartilage and bone.
    • Ossification: The femoral head starts ossifying between 2 and 8 months.

    Naming Parts (Coronal Neutral Image)

    • Numbers 1-10 refer to different structures in a coronal neutral X-ray image.

    Iliac Bone

    • Location: Positioned in the image.
    • Orientation: Coronal flexion view and relation to the transducer.

    Hip Abnormalities - Subluxation and Dislocation

    • Subluxation: The femoral head is partially out of the acetabulum, but not completely separated.

    Barlow and Ortolani Maneuvers

    • Barlow: Move hips toward the midline.
    • Ortolani: Move hips to the midline.

    The Angles: Alpha and Beta

    • Alpha Angle: Normal measurement is > 60 degrees
    • Beta Angle: Normal measurement is <55 degrees

    Views of the Hip: Coronal, Axial

    • Coronal: Flexion and Extension views.
    • Axial: Flexion and Extension views; observe a U-shape in the axial flexed hip image.

    Breast

    • Layers: There are different layers that are labelled 1-6 in an image.

    Mass Location

    • Quadrant: Using the 12 o'clock method, locate the breast mass.
    • Relation to Nipple: Where the mass is located relative to the nipple, using clock position.

    Breast - Do You Remember Questions

    • Common Cancer Site:
    • Common Benign Mass:
    • Cooper's Ligaments: Their role in breast support.
    • Tail of Spence: Its location in the breast
    • Hard Finding: Features of breast cancer.

    Gynecomastia

    • Cause: Hypertrophy of male breast ductal elements due to testosterone deficiency

    Additional notes:

    Overall the presentation covers various ultrasound techniques for imaging various sections of the human body, including the abdomen, musculoskeletal system, spine, hip, breast, and head. Many of the provided texts also include details on abnormalities and/or pathologies that may be seen in the various imaging scans.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    Prepare for your Abdomen II final exam with this comprehensive review on interventional procedures. The quiz covers key techniques such as paracentesis, thoracentesis, and amniocentesis, along with their advantages, biopsy processes, and possible complications. Test your knowledge and ensure you're ready for your exam!

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser