ABA Exam Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are explanatory fictions?

Hypothetical constructs that can be measured

Observed fictitious variables that contribute nothing to understanding variables responsible for maintaining bx (correct)

Real variables involved in behavior analysis

Observable behaviors that explain actions

What is a hypothetical construct?

A presumed but unobserved entity that cannot be measured (correct)

A method of behavior analysis

A type of reinforcement

A directly observable behavior

Define contiguity.

When 2 stimuli occur close together in time resulting in an association of those stimuli.

Who are the 3 authors that published the dimensions of ABA in the 1st edition of JABA?

Baer, Wolfe, Risley Signup and view all the answers

What is ontogeny?

Lifetime of the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is phylogeny?

Evolutionary history of species. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 principles of behavior?

Punishment, extinction, reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 branches of behavior analysis?

CASE. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 matching to sample procedures?

Identity matching to sample, symbolic matching to sample. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

He is known for classical conditioning and respondent conditioning with dogs. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Burrhus Skinner?

He is known for radical behaviorism and includes private events in understanding behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Who is John Watson?

He is known for methodological behaviorism, focusing on observable events. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 sources that influenced Skinner's radical behaviorism?

Pragmatism, Darwinian Selectionism. Signup and view all the answers

Define habituation.

Repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases the strength of respondent behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary unit of analysis in ABA?

3-term contingency. Signup and view all the answers

List 9 main UMOs.

Food, sleep, water, oxygen, sex, activity deprivation, too cold, too warm, increase in pain. Signup and view all the answers

What is circular reasoning?

The cause and effect are both inferred from the same information. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 primary types of behavior?

Respondent and operant. Signup and view all the answers

Define respondent-operant interaction.

Both respondent and operant conditioning occur at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

How does contiguity apply to respondent and operant conditioning?

Respondent involves temporal contiguity in pairing CS & US; operant involves temporal contiguity between response and R/P. Signup and view all the answers

What is discriminated avoidance?

A contingency where responding in the presence of a signal prevents a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is Free operant avoidance?

No warning. Responses any time prior delay the stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of stimulus classes?

Formal, temporal, functional. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of negative reinforcement?

Avoidance. Signup and view all the answers

What does reinforcement strengthen?

Rate, duration, latency, magnitude, topography. Signup and view all the answers

Define automatic reinforcement.

Naturally produced sensory consequences. People don’t deliver consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What are stimuli?

Energy changes that affect an organism through its receptor cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is automaticity?

The person doesn't need to know the consequence for it to occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is a motivating operation?

Alters the current value of stimulus changes as reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

List the 5 types of positive reinforcers.

Edible, activity, tangible, sensory, social. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of nervous systems?

Proprioceptive, interoceptive, exteroceptive. Signup and view all the answers

Define spontaneous recovery.

The behavior that decreased during extinction reoccurs even though it hasn't been reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

What is response blocking?

Prevents a response from occurring. Signup and view all the answers

Define extinction.

When a previously reinforced response is discontinued, behavior will decrease in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What is verbal analog conditioning?

A verbal pairing procedure where previously neutral stimuli can become conditioned P/R without direct pairing. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

An aversive event added. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

An aversive event removed. Signup and view all the answers

Is extinction the same as ignoring?

False Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus control?

Responses are reinforced in the presence of SD and not with S delta. Signup and view all the answers

Define masking.

Behaviors in repertoire are masked by other competing elements, even though stimulus control has been acquired. Signup and view all the answers

What is overshadowing?

The presence of one stimulus condition interferes with acquiring stimulus control by another. Signup and view all the answers

What is operant extinction?

Withholding reinforcement when behavior occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is respondent extinction?

Involves unpairing CS and US. Signup and view all the answers

List the 3 types of extinction.

Positive reinforcement, automatic reinforcement, negative reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory extinction also known as?

Automatic reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is escape extinction also known as?

Negative reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 dimensional qualities?

Repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus. Signup and view all the answers

What is repeatability?

Rate, count, celeration. Signup and view all the answers

Define temporal extent.

Measuring the duration of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define temporal locus.

Measuring the time at which a behavior occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 fundamental properties of behavior change?

Level, trend, variability. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 types of ABA graphs?

Line, bar, scatter plot, standard celeration, cumulative record. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between shaping and fading?

Shaping changes the response requirements; fading changes antecedent stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is an extinction burst?

An immediate increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus salience?

Prominence of the stimulus in a person's environment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 ways to measure timing?

Duration, latency, IRT. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 dimensional quantities that can be measured?

Repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus. Signup and view all the answers

Define reliability.

Repeated measurement yields the same results. Signup and view all the answers

What is accuracy?

Data produced by measurement shows the true value of the event. Signup and view all the answers

What is validity?

Measuring what’s intended to be measured. Signup and view all the answers

Define methodological behaviorism.

Behavioral events are objective and do not include private events. Signup and view all the answers

Who created methodological behaviorism?

Watson. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for respondent conditioning?

Classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is objectivity?

Without influence of personal feelings or prejudices, based on observation. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a good scientist remain skeptical?

Philosophic doubt. Signup and view all the answers

What is Watsonian behaviorism?

Stimulus-response (Sr) psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the 3-term contingency, and who created it?

S-R-S, created by BF Skinner. Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of behavior consists of the 3-term contingency?

Experimental analysis of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a response class?

A group of responses with the same function & effect on the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus class?

A group of related stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in ABA

Explanatory Fictions: Unverified fictitious variables that do not contribute to understanding behavior maintenance.
Hypothetical Constructs: Unobservable entities presumed to exist but cannot be measured.
Contiguity: The association formed when two stimuli are presented closely in time.
Dimensions of ABA: Defined by Baer, Wolfe, and Risley.
Ontogeny: Refers to the individual's lifetime development.
Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of species.
Principles of Behavior: Include punishment, extinction, and reinforcement.
Branches of Behavior Analysis: CASE (Clinical, Applied, Systems, Experimental).

Behavior Conditioning

Types of Conditioning:
- Classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov with dogs.
- Operant conditioning, developed by Burrhus Skinner, focusing on radical behaviorism.
Behavior Types: Distinction between respondent and operant behavior.
Respondent-Operant Interaction: Simultaneous processes of both conditioning types.
Discriminated Avoidance: A contingency where a response in the presence of a signal prevents stimulus presentation.
Free Operant Avoidance: Responses made before a stimulus prevent its occurrence without any warning.

Measurement and Analysis

Stimulus Classes: Divided into formal, temporal, and functional categories.
Types of Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement can strengthen various aspects such as rate, duration, or magnitude of behavior.
Types of Nervous Systems: Proprioceptive, interoceptive, and exteroceptive.
Behavior Change Graphs: Five types include line, bar, scatterplot, standard celeration chart, and cumulative record.

Behavior Modification Techniques

Shaping vs. Fading: Shaping alters response requirements, while fading modifies antecedent stimuli.
Extinction Burst: Initial increased frequency of responding when extinction is first applied.
Stimulus Control: Responses are reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus (SD) and not in absence (S delta).

Self-Management and Training

Self-Monitoring: A technique where an individual records their own behavior occurrences.
Habit Reversal: Method to reduce unwanted habits by identifying precursors and engaging alternative behaviors.
Self-Directed Systematic Desensitization: Gradual exposure to a feared situation while substituting behaviors.

Theoretical Foundations and Critiques

Radical Behaviorism: Includes the consideration of private events in behavior understanding.
Methodological Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior, excluding private events.
Philosophic Doubt: Scientists maintain skepticism to ensure objective inquiry.
Mentalism: Inner dimension thought to influence behavior, often critiqued in behavior analysis.

Reinforcement Schedules and Strategies

Schedules of Reinforcement: Can be continuous, intermittent, or extinction.
Differential Reinforcement: Reinforcing only a subset of responses that meet specific criteria.
Token Economy: A reinforcement system using tokens for target behaviors.

Behavioral Equivalence

Stimulus Equivalence: Involves reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity in response to stimuli.

Behavioral Measurement

Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change: Level, trend, and variability are crucial for analyzing behavior change.
Reliability, Validity, and Accuracy: Important metrics in measurement, ensuring consistency and true reflection of behavior.

Key Terms and Definitions

Controlled Response: Refers to the target behavior itself.
Response Class: A group of responses that have a common function.
Stimulus Class: A grouping of stimuli that share similar effects on behavior.

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Description

Prepare for the ABA exam with these flashcards that cover essential terms and definitions. Enhance your understanding of key concepts like explanatory fictions and hypothetical constructs essential for behavioral analysis. Perfect for students aiming to excel in their exam.