عوامل تشكيل سطح الأرض

Forces originating from deep within the Earth causing deformation of rock layers.

Bending of rock layers due to compressional forces.

Mountain ranges formed by folding, like the Rockies, Andes, Alps, Himalayas, and Atlas.

Breaks in rock layers due to stress.

Geological processes driven by Earth's interior forces.

Sudden, rapid movements in Earth's crust.

The point within the Earth where an earthquake's energy is released.

Strange events that happen before an earthquake.

Specific location within the Earth where seismic waves originate.

The source of shaking/vibrations during an earthquake.

The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates.

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake focus.

An instrument used to detect and record seismic waves.

A scale used to measure earthquake magnitude.

The measure of the strength of an earthquake as determined by seismographs.

The location of the earthquake observatory in Saudi Arabia is not specified in the provided text.

Earthquakes cause loss of human life, property damage, and destruction of infrastructure.

Volcanoes occur in areas of weak Earth's crust, where molten material erupts through openings in the crust.

The provided text does not specify the negative impacts of volcanoes.

Areas of weak Earth's crust are prone to both earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces

Rocks break down due to physical forces, not chemical reactions

Rocks break down due to chemical reactions

Water expanding and contracting in openings can break rock

Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces

The breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions with the atmosphere or water.

The process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.

Gases in the air that affect rocks, like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Chemical and mechanical weathering working together.

How mechanical weathering helps chemical weathering.