Questions and Answers
What does speech shadowing refer to?
Which brain hemisphere is responsible for linguistic production and comprehension?
left
Why is continuous reinforcement best for the beginning of the acquisition phase of operant conditioning?
The schedule unambiguously informs the subject which behavior is correct.
What is instinctual drift?
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Research on cognitive aging has demonstrated that aging does NOT diminish a person's ability to retrieve what?
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What is a proximal stimulus?
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What is a distal stimulus?
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In operant conditioning studies, how is the subject's motivational state typically defined?
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What is a sensitive period (critical period)?
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What does the incentive theory of motivation emphasize?
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What does psychoanalytic theory attempt to explain?
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What is emphasized by the humanistic perspective of personality?
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What does the behaviorist theory of personality emphasize?
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What does the social-cognitive perspective view behavior as influenced by?
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In the trait perspective of personality, what is personality a result of?
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How can personality be explained according to the biological perspective?
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What are theta waves associated with?
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What characterizes sleep stage 2?
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What is the deepest stage of sleep characterized by?
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What are REM sleep waves similar to?
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What characterizes alpha waves according to EEG?
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What does EEG beta waves indicate?
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What does the evolutionary perspective of human motivation examine?
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What is place theory in music perception?
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What does Functional MRI (fMRI) visualize?
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What defines validity in testing?
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Define reliability in testing.
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What is standardization in testing?
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What does generalization mean?
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What type of memory process does negative priming require?
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What classification of medication may exacerbate negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What is the dependent stressor associated with the need for reassurance?
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What is a unidirectional relationship in psychology?
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What is a reciprocal relationship?
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What is parallel processing?
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What is conscious processing?
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If a person with a severed corpus callosum says 'ball' after the researcher asks what he sees, why is this likely?
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What is likely to happen if two friends accept internships but are in a state of dissonance?
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What does cultural transmission refer to?
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What is the life course perspective?
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What is cultural capital?
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What is intersectionality?
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What is social stratification?
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What is symbolic interactionism?
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What does demographic transition theory address?
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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What is a performance-approach goal?
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What is impression management?
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What is the 'Me' component of self?
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What is the 'I' component of self?
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When your needs are met, which midbrain region releases dopamine?
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What are the primary structures of the reward system?
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What do context effects describe?
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What is a flashbulb memory?
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What is the recency effect?
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What does the spacing effect mean?
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What is the primacy effect?
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What is the serial position effect?
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What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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What is the looking-glass self?
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Based on the looking-glass self concept, how might a person with a stigmatized illness react?
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Why is memory considered reconstructive?
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Combine the concepts of validity and reliability in testing.
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What does the Easterbrook hypothesis suggest?
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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What are the three main components of socioeconomic status (SES)?
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What is a dichotic listening task?
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What does the social construction of race imply?
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What characterizes primary groups?
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What defines a secondary group?
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What would a conflict theorist be concerned with?
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What is a period effect?
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What do cohort differences refer to?
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Why is the hippocampus selectively vulnerable during global ischemia?
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What is self-verification?
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What is self-serving bias?
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What is self-efficacy?
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What is the Five Factor Model?
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Involvement of serotonin pertains to what functions?
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What are the differences between role strain and role conflict?
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What are gestalt principles of closure?
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What is the gestalt principle of similarity?
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What is the gestalt principle of proximity?
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What is the gestalt principle of symmetry?
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What is empirical verification?
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Study Notes
Psychological and Cognitive Concepts
- Speech Shadowing: An experimental method where subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it, assessing auditory processing and comprehension.
- Brain Hemisphere Lateralization: Linguistic production and comprehension are primarily located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
- Continuous Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning: This schedule is optimal during the acquisition phase as it clearly indicates correct behavior to the subject.
- Instinctual Drift: A phenomenon where trained behaviors are overridden by inherent instincts, particularly in animal training scenarios.
Memory and Aging
- Cognitive Aging Research: Indicates that aging does not negatively affect the ability to retrieve general information, reflecting preserved semantic memory and crystallized intelligence.
- Proximal and Distal Stimuli: Proximal stimulus refers to the sensory information received, while distal stimulus is the actual object or event in the environment.
- Memory Processes: Negative priming relies on implicit memory, demonstrating how earlier exposure to a stimulus can affect response to a related subsequent stimulus.
Personality Theories
- Psychoanalytic Theory: Focuses on unconscious motives as drivers of personality, emphasizing hidden influences on behavior.
- Humanistic Perspective: Highlights the growth potential of self-actualized individuals, emphasizing personal development.
- Behaviorist Approach: Suggests personality is formed through interactions with the environment, underlining the impact of conditioning.
- Social-Cognitive Perspective: Considers behavior as influenced by both personal traits and the surrounding social context.
- Trait Perspective: Defines personality in terms of stable behavior patterns that are consistent over time.
- Biological Perspective: Attributes personality traits to genetic factors and brain function.
Sleep Stages
- Stage 1 Sleep: Associated with theta waves, marking the transition into sleep.
- Stage 2 Sleep: Characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes; indicates deeper sleep.
- Stages 3 and 4: Represent deep sleep characterized by delta waves, crucial for restorative processes.
- REM Sleep: Exhibits brain activity similar to beta waves, essential for dreaming and cognitive functioning.
Motivation and Behavior
- Incentive Theory: Focuses on external factors from culture and community that drive behavior and motivation.
- Evolutionary Perspective: Explores how behaviors evolve and assist in species survival through natural selection.
Research Methods and Validity
- Functional MRI (fMRI): A brain imaging technique revealing brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation.
- Validity and Reliability: Validity refers to a test's ability to measure its intended concept, while reliability indicates consistency of scores over multiple administrations.
- Standardization: Establishes uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores based on comparisons with pretested groups.
Social and Cultural Concepts
- Social Stratification: Describes the hierarchical ranking of different social categories within a society.
- Cultural Capital: Comprises skills, knowledge, and cultural competencies that enhance an individual's social mobility.
- Intersectionality: An analytical framework assessing how identity categories interact to shape individual experiences and societal patterns.
- Cultural Transmission: The process in which cultural values and norms are passed from one generation to another.
Psychological Effects and Memory
- Recency and Primacy Effects: Focus on how items at the beginning and the end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle.
- Flashbulb Memory: Refers to vivid and detailed recollections of emotionally significant events.
- Reconstructive Nature of Memory: Suggests that memory is often formed by piecing together information, making it susceptible to errors.
Social Dynamics
- Cognitive Dissonance: A phenomenon where individuals may adapt their attitudes to align with their behaviors to reduce discomfort from holding conflicting views.
- Looking-Glass Self: Describes how one's self-image is shaped by perceptions of how others view them.
- Self-Verification: The tendency for individuals to seek information that confirms their preexisting self-concept.
Other Key Concepts
- Gestalt Principles: Explain how perceptual organization occurs in different ways, including closure, similarity, proximity, and symmetry.
- Arousal Theory (Easterbrook Hypothesis): Posits that increased emotional arousal narrows attention, focusing on specific stimuli while potentially ignoring others.
- Self-Serving Bias: Reflects the tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors.
- Self-Efficacy: The belief in one's ability to achieve specific tasks or goals, crucial for motivation and performance.
These notes encapsulate essential concepts across various fields of psychology and sociology, providing a comprehensive overview for study and review.
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This quiz features a set of flashcards related to key concepts in Psychology and Sociology as outlined in the AAMC section bank. It covers topics like speech shadowing, brain hemisphere functions, and reinforcement in operant conditioning. Test your knowledge and prepare effectively for your exams!