علم بيئة المجتمعات الحيوية

The gradual replacement of species in an ecosystem without changing the soil.

The process of change in an ecosystem following the removal of a community, without changes in soil.

The range a plant can tolerate environmental changes, like temperature and humidity.

The area between 9m - 13m and 21m - 25m that indicates physiological stress for organisms.

The first plants to appear during primary succession, like lichens and mosses.

The process of one biological community replacing another due to changes in environmental factors.

The alteration of soil composition and structure in an ecosystem.

The biological and abiotic factors that cause changes in communities during succession.

Primary succession does not involve soil change; secondary does not.

A type of pioneer species often found in primary succession.

Another pioneer species that appears in primary succession.

Non-living components of the environment that affect biological communities.

Living components of the environment that influence ecosystems.

An event that alters the structure of an ecosystem, leading to succession.

The process of an ecosystem returning to its original state after a disturbance.