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What is the prefix meaning kidney?
What is the prefix meaning kidney?
What does 'Electro-' refer to?
What does 'Electro-' refer to?
electric or involving electricity
What is the term for the outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape?
What is the term for the outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape?
Renal capsule
What is the role of the kidneys?
What is the role of the kidneys?
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What does the suffix '-statis' mean?
What does the suffix '-statis' mean?
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What is the primary function of nephrons?
What is the primary function of nephrons?
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How do ureters function?
How do ureters function?
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The bladder is a sac made of muscle that stores urine.
The bladder is a sac made of muscle that stores urine.
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What do renal veins do?
What do renal veins do?
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Urea is a metabolic waste product found in urine.
Urea is a metabolic waste product found in urine.
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What does aldosterone do?
What does aldosterone do?
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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Medical Terminology: Urinary System
- Ren-: Prefix related to kidneys; used in terms like "renal disease."
- Nephro-: Prefix for kidney; found in "nephrology," the kidney's medical specialty.
- -statis: Suffix indicating a stable state.
- Electro-: Prefix denoting electric or electricity-related concepts.
- Angio-: Prefix meaning blood vessel; for example, "angiotensin."
Urinary System Overview
- Urinary System: Organs filtering blood and removing waste.
- Urine: Liquid from kidneys made of water and dissolved waste.
- Kidneys: Two bean-shaped organs essential for blood filtering.
- Ureters: Slender tubes transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder.
- Bladder: Muscle sac that stores urine until disposal.
- Urethra: Tube linking bladder to the outside of the body.
- Sphincter: Muscle controlling urine exit from the bladder.
Kidney Structure and Function
- Renal: Pertains to kidney-related functions or structures.
- Renal Capsule: Tough connective tissue covering the kidneys.
- Renal Cortex: Outer kidney layer where blood filtration occurs and erythropoietin is produced.
- Renal Medulla: Innermost kidney layer maintaining salt and water balance.
- Nephron: Basic kidney unit; approximately 1 million per kidney responsible for filtration.
- Glomerulus: Capillary collection in a nephron initiating blood filtration.
Blood Supply and Nerve Control
- Renal Arteries: Arteries supplying blood to the kidneys from the abdominal aorta.
- Renal Veins: Veins returning filtered blood to the circulatory system via the vena cava.
- Renal Plexus: Nerve collection controlling kidney functions.
Key Processes in Kidney Function
- Filtration: Separation of solids from liquids via a semipermeable membrane.
- Reabsorption: Retrieval of valuable substances like glucose from urine before leaving the kidney.
Important Biochemical Components
- Amino Acids: Nitrogen-containing compounds that are protein building blocks.
- Acid-Base Balance: Equilibrium between acidic and basic molecules in a solution.
- pH: Measure defining a solution’s acidity; neutral at 7, acidic below 7, basic above 7.
- Electrolytes: Charged atoms/molecules in solution affecting various body functions.
- Bicarbonate: Key electrolyte for maintaining pH balance in the body.
- Ammonium: Waste converted to urea in the body.
- Urea: Main nitrogen-containing metabolite in urine.
- Nitrogen: Essential chemical element for producing proteins and amino acids.
Hormonal Regulation in the Body
- Adrenal Glands: Hormone-producing glands on top of each kidney, produce epinephrine and cortisol.
- Fight-or-Flight Reflex: Stress response activating hormone release for immediate action.
- Homeostasis: Process of maintaining body equilibrium and normal functioning.
- Osmolarity: Solid concentration measure in a solution.
- Epinephrine: Adrenaline hormone activating stress responses.
- Cortisol: Hormone released during stress by adrenal glands.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Renin: Enzyme produced by kidneys that activates angiotensin.
- Angiotensin: Plasma protein increasing blood pressure and stimulating aldosterone release.
- Aldosterone: Hormone directing nephrons to reabsorb salt and water, enhancing blood pressure.
Fluid Regulation
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Hormone that decreases urine production, promoting fluid balance.
- Erythropoietin (EPO): Kidney hormone increasing red blood cell production in response to low blood oxygen.
- Calcitriol: Active vitamin D form produced in the kidney, crucial for calcium balance and bone health.
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