Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the prefix meaning kidney?

Nephro- (correct)

Ren- (correct)

Angio-

Electro-

What does 'Electro-' refer to?

electric or involving electricity

What is the term for the outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape?

Renal capsule

What is the role of the kidneys?

filtering blood and removing wastes Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-statis' mean?

A stable state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nephrons?

filtration and other functions in the kidney Signup and view all the answers

How do ureters function?

force urine down from the kidneys into the bladder Signup and view all the answers

The bladder is a sac made of muscle that stores urine.

True Signup and view all the answers

What do renal veins do?

carry purified blood from the kidneys back to the circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Urea is a metabolic waste product found in urine.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone do?

instructs nephrons to increase reabsorption of salt and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

to stimulate the production of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Calcitriol = The active form of vitamin D produced in the kidney Renin = An enzyme that activates angiotensin in the blood Ammonium = A metabolic waste product converted into urea pH = A measure of the acid-base level of a solution Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Terminology: Urinary System

Ren-: Prefix related to kidneys; used in terms like "renal disease."
Nephro-: Prefix for kidney; found in "nephrology," the kidney's medical specialty.
-statis: Suffix indicating a stable state.
Electro-: Prefix denoting electric or electricity-related concepts.
Angio-: Prefix meaning blood vessel; for example, "angiotensin."

Urinary System Overview

Urinary System: Organs filtering blood and removing waste.
Urine: Liquid from kidneys made of water and dissolved waste.
Kidneys: Two bean-shaped organs essential for blood filtering.
Ureters: Slender tubes transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder: Muscle sac that stores urine until disposal.
Urethra: Tube linking bladder to the outside of the body.
Sphincter: Muscle controlling urine exit from the bladder.

Kidney Structure and Function

Renal: Pertains to kidney-related functions or structures.
Renal Capsule: Tough connective tissue covering the kidneys.
Renal Cortex: Outer kidney layer where blood filtration occurs and erythropoietin is produced.
Renal Medulla: Innermost kidney layer maintaining salt and water balance.
Nephron: Basic kidney unit; approximately 1 million per kidney responsible for filtration.
Glomerulus: Capillary collection in a nephron initiating blood filtration.

Blood Supply and Nerve Control

Renal Arteries: Arteries supplying blood to the kidneys from the abdominal aorta.
Renal Veins: Veins returning filtered blood to the circulatory system via the vena cava.
Renal Plexus: Nerve collection controlling kidney functions.

Key Processes in Kidney Function

Filtration: Separation of solids from liquids via a semipermeable membrane.
Reabsorption: Retrieval of valuable substances like glucose from urine before leaving the kidney.

Important Biochemical Components

Amino Acids: Nitrogen-containing compounds that are protein building blocks.
Acid-Base Balance: Equilibrium between acidic and basic molecules in a solution.
pH: Measure defining a solution’s acidity; neutral at 7, acidic below 7, basic above 7.
Electrolytes: Charged atoms/molecules in solution affecting various body functions.
Bicarbonate: Key electrolyte for maintaining pH balance in the body.
Ammonium: Waste converted to urea in the body.
Urea: Main nitrogen-containing metabolite in urine.
Nitrogen: Essential chemical element for producing proteins and amino acids.

Hormonal Regulation in the Body

Adrenal Glands: Hormone-producing glands on top of each kidney, produce epinephrine and cortisol.
Fight-or-Flight Reflex: Stress response activating hormone release for immediate action.
Homeostasis: Process of maintaining body equilibrium and normal functioning.
Osmolarity: Solid concentration measure in a solution.
Epinephrine: Adrenaline hormone activating stress responses.
Cortisol: Hormone released during stress by adrenal glands.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Renin: Enzyme produced by kidneys that activates angiotensin.
Angiotensin: Plasma protein increasing blood pressure and stimulating aldosterone release.
Aldosterone: Hormone directing nephrons to reabsorb salt and water, enhancing blood pressure.

Fluid Regulation

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Hormone that decreases urine production, promoting fluid balance.
Erythropoietin (EPO): Kidney hormone increasing red blood cell production in response to low blood oxygen.
Calcitriol: Active vitamin D form produced in the kidney, crucial for calcium balance and bone health.