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Questions and Answers
What crops are mentioned that can be used to create alcohol?
What significant decision did Washington make in 1776 regarding reelection?
Which election in 1796 saw division along party lines?
What was one of John Adams' approaches as a Federalist according to the content?
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What led to discontent among Americans regarding French relations?
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How did President Adams respond to calls for war during the XYZ Affair?
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What major shift occurred in the U.S. Navy as a result of the Quasi War?
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What actions did Jefferson take against John Adams following their political disagreements?
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What did the Gibbons v Ogden case establish regarding interstate trade?
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What territory did the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 give to the United States?
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What was the main intent behind the Monroe Doctrine?
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What economic event was initiated by a decline in demand for American goods in 1819?
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Which act attempted to stop all American export goods in an effort to harm British trade?
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What was the purpose of Macon's Bill #2?
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What was a significant outcome of the Missouri Compromise?
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What did the Treaty of 1818 establish?
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What was the main purpose of the Bill of Rights?
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What key issue led to the Compromise of 1790?
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Which of the following statements about Hamilton's Plan is true?
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What was the primary aim of Hamilton's Report on Manufactures?
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What was a significant outcome of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794?
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What was the result of Jay's Treaty?
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What issue did Pinckney's Treaty resolve?
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Who were the main opponents of Hamilton in the formation of political parties?
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What was a significant reason Jefferson pursued the Louisiana Purchase?
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What was the main outcome of the duel between Burr and Hamilton?
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Which term best describes the feeling of pride in one's nation that emerged after the War of 1812?
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In McCulloch v. Maryland, what was one of the crucial issues addressed?
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Which key figure was associated with promoting the American System?
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What was the primary legal issue in the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
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How did Napoleon's inability to control Haiti influence the Louisiana Purchase?
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Which Supreme Court Chief Justice affirmed the need for contract enforcement in Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
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What was the main purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
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What change did the Naturalization Act introduce regarding citizenship?
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What was the main argument of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?
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What was a major consequence of the Election of 1800?
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What action did John Adams take right before leaving office?
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Who was appointed Chief Justice and served for over 30 years?
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In the case of Marbury v. Madison, what was the Supreme Court's ruling?
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What was the main issue that divided the Federalists and Republicans during the early republic?
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Study Notes
The Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, guaranteeing basic rights to citizens.
Alexander Hamilton
- Born out of wedlock in the Caribbean.
- Served in the Continental Army and was George Washington's aide.
- Argued for a strong central government and a national bank.
- Advocated for the assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.
- Proponent of a strong manufacturing economy.
Compromise of 1790
- Resolved the dispute over states' debts by the federal government assuming them in exchange for the permanent national capital being located in the South.
- Led to the creation of the First Bank of the United States.
Early Political Parties
- Federalists: Advocated for a strong central government and supported Hamilton's economic policies.
- Republicans (Democratic-Republicans): Favored a decentralized government and agrarian economy.
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
- Declared American neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain.
- Federalists and Republicans differed on how to maintain neutrality.
Jay's Treaty (1794)
- An attempt to resolve issues with Great Britain following the Revolutionary War.
- Unpopular in America due to perceived British concessions.
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
- Resolved disputes with Spain regarding access to the Mississippi River and the southern US border.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
- Western farmers rebelled against federal excise tax on whiskey.
- This act was a key part of Hamilton's economic plan, imposing a tax on luxury items.
Washington's Farewell Address
- Warned against the dangers of political factions and permanent alliances with foreign governments.
- Stressed the importance of unity and neutrality.
John Adams
- Elected President in 1796.
- Navigated complex foreign relations, including the XYZ Affair.
- Authorized a Quasi-War with France in response to French attacks on American ships.
XYZ Affair
- French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats.
- Led to heightened tensions and war fever in America.
- Quasi-War (1798-1800): An undeclared naval war between the US and France.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
- Passed by the Federalists to suppress dissent and restrict immigration.
- Alien Act: Allowed for the deportation of "dangerous" aliens.
- Sedition Act: Prohibited criticism of the government.
- Naturalization Act: Increased the naturalization period for citizenship from 5 to 14 years.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
- Drafted by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
- Argued that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
- Further deepened political divisions.
Election of 1800
- Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral college.
- The House of Representatives decided the election in favor of Jefferson.
"Midnight Judges"
- Adams attempted to appoint Federalist judges to the Supreme Court just before leaving office.
- This was a tactic to maintain Federalist control over the judiciary.
Marbury v. Madison
- Supreme Court case that established judicial review.
- Determined that the Court had the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
Jefferson's Presidency
- Louisiana Purchase (1803): Acquired Louisiana from Napoleon.
- Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806): Explored the Louisiana Territory.
- Burr-Hamilton Duel: Hamilton was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.
Madison's Presidency and the War of 1812
- War of 1812: Fought against Great Britain over trade disputes and maritime issues.
- Key battles: Battle of New Orleans, Battle of Lake Erie.
- Treaty of Ghent (1814): Ended the War of 1812 without a decisive victor.
American System (Henry Clay)
- Economic program designed to promote domestic manufacturing and infrastructure.
- Supported tariffs to protect American industries.
- Advocated for a national bank to provide a stable currency.
- Promoted internal improvements, such as roads and canals.
Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)
- Period of political unity and national pride following the War of 1812.
- Marked by a decline in partisan divisions.
Nationalism and Sectionalism
- The American System represented a trend toward national economic development and a stronger national government.
- However, this was often at odds with the interests of the Southern states, creating divisions.
Major Supreme Court Cases During Early Republic
- Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Upheld contracts with private corporations and protected them from state interference (strengthening business interests).
- McCulloch v. Maryland: Affirmed the implied powers of the federal government (allowing Congress to create a national bank).
- Gibbons v. Ogden: Established the federal government's authority over interstate commerce.
Diplomatic Nationalism
- Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): Demilitarized the Great Lakes border between the U.S. and Canada.
- Treaty of 1818: Established the US-Canadian border at the 49th parallel.
- Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Acquired Florida from Spain and established the western boundary of the Louisiana Territory.
- Russo-American Treaty (1824): Set the southern border of Russian Alaska at the 54'40' parallel.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- Declared American opposition to further European colonization or interference in the Americas.
- Solidified American dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
Panic of 1819
- Economic downturn caused by overspeculation and European economic instability.
- Led to bank failures and unemployment.
- Increased calls for reform of the national bank.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
- Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
- Prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel, except for Missouri.
- Temporarily resolved the growing conflict over slavery.
Embargo Act (1807)
- Prohibited American ships from engaging in foreign trade.
- Intended to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality, but it had a negative impact on the US economy.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
- Reopened trade with all countries except Britain and France until they lifted restrictions on American shipping.
Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)
- Reopened trade with Great Britain and France on the condition that one of them lifted its restrictions on American trade.
- France agreed to this, but Britain did not.
Key Individuals and Events
-
John Marshall: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known for interpreting the Constitution to strengthen the federal government.
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Henry Clay: Congressman from Kentucky, known for his American System and his role in the Missouri Compromise.
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John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State, played a key role in negotiating treaties and enacting the Monroe Doctrine.
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These themes established the foundation for future political and economic battles for control of the nation.
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