Foundation Subject

IDEA and IEP

• IEP stands for Individualized Education Program.
• IDEA's primary goal is to ensure children with disabilities have access to free appropriate public education (FAPE).
• IDEA's principle ensures students with disabilities learn in regular classrooms as much as possible.

Inclusive Education

• The primary focus in relation to education is inclusive education for all, regardless of background or abilities.
• Finland's successful inclusive education system can be emulated by other countries schools, if the school wants to adopt an inclusive education system.

Malaysia Education Blueprint (2013–2025)

• Aims to achieve improvements regarding students with special educational needs (SEN).

UK "Education for All"

• Supports inclusive education

Piaget's Cognitive Development

• A child calling a zebra a "horse" demonstrates assimilation, where new information is fitted into an existing schema.
• Equilibration is NOT one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
• Application of "egocentrism" involves teachers recognizing that students may struggle to understand perspectives different from their own.
• Teacher allows students to explore materials independently aligns with discovery learning.
• Formal Operational stage is where children begin to think logically about hypothetical situations and abstract concepts.

Piaget

• Children acquire knowledge by actively constructing their own understanding of the world.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Inclusive teachers can foster an environment where students learn from both successes and failures by creating a safe space for students to learn from observing both positive and negative outcomes.
• Practices aligning with Bandura's emphasis on "self-regulation" include teaching students how to set personal goals, reflect on progress, and adjust behaviors accordingly.
• Teachers can promote inclusive practices for students with disabilities by modeling inclusive behaviors such as cooperation and empathy.
• The most significant aspect is self-efficacy.
• Student confident participation happens through reciprocal determinism.

Vygotsky

• "Scaffolding" relates to the "More Knowledgeable Other" (MKO) by an expert teacher or peer who provides the support, encouragement, and guidance necessary to help students move within their ZPD.
• Adaptive technology and tools are used to support students.
• An example of a teacher using scaffolding in an inclusive classroom involves offering hints, prompts, and guided practice to help students approach a task that they cannot complete independently.
• The "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) refers the range of tasks that a student can complete without any support, and what they can do with guidance.
• Effective scaffolding involves a gradual reduction of support as the student gains confidence.

Situated Learning

• Strategies aligning with Situated Learning when supporting students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms include providing hands-on experiences and collaborative projects where students learn together in a meaningful context.
• Situated learning fosters a sense of belonging among students with diverse abilities by encouraging engagement in shared tasks where they can contribute based on their unique abilities.
• Teachers use authentic tasks, within the context of authentic activities, often through participation in real-world settings, to support inclusive education.
• Emphasizes that learning occurs in the context of authentic activities, often through participation in real-world settings.
• Learning occurs when novices learn through direct engagement with experts in authentic tasks.

Equality vs Equity

• A teacher ensures that students with disabilities have equal access to classroom resources is reflectives equity in education.
• The principle of equality supports inclusive education by recognizing and addressing diverse learning needs.
• Equality differs from equity in an inclusive classroom that equality provides the same resources to all, while equity gives tailored support based on individual needs.
• A strict focus on equality might fail to create an inclusive classroom and it ignores individual learning needs.
• inclusivity promotes empathy, collaboration, and shared learning.

Inclusive Education

• Benefit with and without disabilities by improving academic outcomes for all students.
• A key feature of an inclusive learning environment is accessibility and accommodations for diverse learners.
• Lack of teacher training and resources is a common challenge in implementing inclusivity in schools.

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

• Ensure that all children receive protection, education, and basic rights.
• Under the CRC, every child's fundamental right in education is free and compulsory primary education.
• 1989 was when the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted by the United Nations.
• A school refusing to enroll a child because they belong to a minority ethnic group violates the Right to Non-Discrimination.

Salamanca Statement

• The primary focus of inclusive education, as emphasized in the Salamanca Statement is integrating all children, regardless of their needs, into regular schools.

UNESCO

• Stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
• The primary goal in education is to promote inclusive and equitable quality education for all.

Education for All (EFA) 2015 Plan

• It focused on multiple goals to improve the Philippine education system.
• The best objectives includes to provide all Filipinos with essential competencies for meaningful participation in society.
• "Universal Access" and "Functional Literacy" focused on ensures that all individuals have the opportunity to develop functional literacy.
• DepEd Order 54, s. 2012, concerning Alternative Delivery Modes (ADMs), is connected to the EFA 2015 Plan as ADMs can help reach marginalized populations and out-of-school youth, thereby expanding access to education and promoting inclusivity.
• Achieving functional literacy for all Filipinos is the central goal of the Philippine EFA 2015 program.
• K to 12 Basic Education Program was established to help all Filipinos attain UNESCO's standard of "functional literacy".

K to 12 Inclusion Policy

• A school activity that best demonstrates this policy in action Providing specialized training for teachers on how to differentiate instruction for diverse learners within the same classroom.
• The primary goal to provide equitable and comprehensive education for all learners, regardless of their background or abilities.
• Principles involves providing individualized support and adapt the curriculum to meet the student's specific needs while keeping them in the mainstream classroom.
• Manifests the success from Assessing the academic progress of all students, including those with diverse needs, and examining their overall well-being and sense of belonging within the school community.
• How does the K to promote inclusive education for indigenous learners and those in remote Through the Indigenous Peoples Education program.

1987 Philippine Constitution

• According to Article XIV, Section 1, mandates to protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and to make such education accessible to all..
• Educational institutions other than those established by religious groups and mission boards can be owned only citizens of the Philippines.
• The government's responsibility is to establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate, and integrated education system.

RA 10533

• It aims to provide quality education that is at par with international standards.
• ICCs/IPs is NOT a specific program mentioned for inclusive education.
• The ALS program primarily targets out-of-school youth and adults.

Republic Act No. 8371

• Its objective is to recognize, protect, and promote the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples.
• According to RA 8371, ICCs/IPs have priority rights in the harvesting, extraction, development, or exploitation of natural resources within ancestral domains.
• RA 8371 promotes inclusive education for indigenous communities by integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) into school curricula.

PD 603

• States the main focus of child welfare and opportunities.
• The welfare is of the children.
• Parents are primarily responsible for the welfare of the child.
• Online sexual exploitation is an example of child exploitation.
• Philippines identified as a sources for online sexual exploitation.

RA 9344, the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act

• The primary purpose to establish a comprehensive system for juvenile justice and child protection.
• Is considered a child-centered justice law as it focuses on rehabilitation and reintegration rather than punishment.
• Schools that supports the rehabilitation of CICL under RA 9344 does so by Providing individualized educational schemes tailored to meet their specific needs.

RA 9442

• The primary objective to protect and promote the rights and welfare of persons with disabilities (PWDs).
• Provision prohibits schools from denying admission based on disability.
• Protects PWDs by ensuring that schools provide reasonable accommodations for PWDs

RA 10665

• Beneficiaries are learners who cannot attend regular high school due to personal or economic reasons.
• The government agency is Department of Eductaion
• It features modular, online, blended, and distance learning.
• It address the educational needs of out-of-school youth by providing a non-traditional high school alternative that adapts to learners' circumstances.

RA 7277

• The role of inclusive education is to equal access to education with necessary accommodations
• Conflict from schools through schools is through providing disability accommodations.
• Provisions ensurePWDs shall have access to quality education, training, and support in both mainstream and special education settings
• RA 7277 mandates for PWDs ensuring that schools provide reasonable accommodations for PWDs.

Early Intervention

• It emphasizes the family is involved in the decision-making process and treatment planning.
• Primary focus is to promote the development of children with disabilities during their early years.
• Tailoring services to meet the specific developmental needs of each child is a key dimension.
• The context of early intervention, means tailoring services to meet the specific developmental needs of each child.
• To promote the development of children with disabilities during their early years.
• Includes ensuring that intervention strategies respect and integrate cultural differences in family and child practices.
• Should involve by Providing services only in clinical settings

Multidisciplinary Team

• To work collaboratively to create a holistic and comprehensive service plan for each child.

Law on Early Intervention

• To promote the development of children with disabilities during their early years

Education in the Philippines

• The diverse learning needs of students by employing differentiated instruction and flexible learning strategies.
• A crucial element of successful inclusive by Providing appropriate support and accommodations for students with disabilities.
• A customized plan designed to meet the unique needs of a student with a disability, this is referred to as the Individualized Education Program (IEP).

Ongoing Development

• It is a constantly evolving process with ongoing challenges and improvements.

Challenges

• Insufficient resources and support for students with disabilities.

Differentiated Instruction

• It best supports students with diverse learning needs by tailoring instruction and assessment to meet the individual needs and learning styles of each student, considering their strengths and challenges.

Department of Education

• To promote a belief that all students, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, have the right to quality education within a supportive and inclusive environment.

Philippines Initiatives

• Fall short of their goals given contribute by a combination of insufficient funding, inadequate teacher training, societal attitudes, and logistical barriers contributes to the persistent challenges.

Effective Equitable Access

• it needs A flexible, individualized approach that incorporates differentiated instruction, assistive technologies, and individualized education programs (IEPs) tailored to each student's unique needs.

Impact of Inclusive Practices

• Improve academic outcomes for all students.

Philippine Transition Programs

• Vocational training aimsprimarily to Equip students with job-related skills and knowledge to increase their employment prospects.
• "Integrated employment" is known as the Placement of students with disabilities in competitive, mainstream work environments.
• Continuing and adult education opportunities are crucial as theyContinue their learning journey, pursue higher education, or acquire new skills throughout their adult lives.
• A range of supports such as job coaching, housing assistance, and access to healthcare.
• An shifts promotingFull inclusion and integration into society, promoting self-determination and active community involvement.

Helping Students in Transition

• By Providing vocational training and work-based learning experiences
• Has a key transition component as an Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)

Long-term Sustainability

• By providing ongoing teacher training, funding, and learning support for students with diverse needs.
• Building a coalition of parents, educators, and community members to advocate for funding.
• Provides them with opportunities to collaborate and share best practices.
• It helps to identify areas of strength and areas needing improvement.

Data Collection

• To identify areas of strength and areas needing improvement.
• Provides support providing ongoing teacher training, funding, and community involvement.

Effective Strategies

• It could help students understand the value of their creative work and how to protect it.

Relevance and Effectiveness

• By regularly reviewing and adapting the program based on student needs and evolving best practices.
• Effective support by providing ongoing teacher training, funding, and community involvement

National IP Education Policy

• Promote the creation and use of accessible educational materials.
• It is a constantly evolving process with ongoing challenges and improvements

Potential Challenges

• Assistive technologies might be subject to intellectual property rights, requiring licensing or purchase.

• National IP Education Policy