A. Philip Randolph and Executive Order 8802 Quiz

A. Philip Randolph and the Fair Employment Practices Commission

• A. Philip Randolph, a Black labor leader, called for a march on Washington, D.C. to protest discrimination in the defense industry and federal jobs.
• This led to the passage of Executive Order 8802 by FDR, which prohibited discrimination in defense industries and federal jobs based on race, color, creed, or national origin.
• The Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) was established to regulate and enforce fair employment practices in industries and jobs related to national defense.

The Double V Campaign

• The Double V Campaign was launched by African Americans, with white supporters, to fight for victory against fascism in Europe and racism at home.

Gunnar Myrdal and "The American Dilemma"

• Gunnar Myrdal wrote "The American Dilemma," a book that highlighted the contradictions between American values and policies, particularly regarding racial discrimination.

Zoot Suit Riots and the Bracero Program

• The Zoot Suit Riots occurred when white Americans attacked Mexican Americans who wore "zoot suits," a symbol of cultural identity.
• The Bracero Program was an agreement between the US and Mexico that allowed millions of Mexican laborers to work in the US, primarily in agriculture, during World War II.

Executive Order 9066 and Japanese Internment

• Executive Order 9066, signed by FDR, allowed for the forced relocation of Japanese Americans from the West Coast to internment camps during World War II.
• The Supreme Court upheld the internment, citing military necessity over individual rights.

Korematsu v. U.S.

• Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American, challenged Executive Order 9066, arguing it violated his constitutional rights.
• The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu, siding with the government's claim of military necessity.

World War II and the Holocaust

• D-Day marked the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France in 1944.
• The Holocaust, also known as the Final Solution, was the Nazi plan to exterminate European Jews.
• The Manhattan Project was a top-secret US project that developed the first atomic bombs, dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Post-War International Relations

• The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences were held between the US, UK, and Soviet Union to discuss post-war reorganization and the division of Germany into four zones.
• The United Nations was established to replace the League of Nations, with five permanent members: the US, UK, France, China, and the Soviet Union.
• The Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill marked the beginning of the Cold War era.

Containment Policy and the Cold War

• The US adopted a containment policy towards the Soviet Union, aiming to prevent the spread of communism.
• The Fair Deal, proposed by President Harry Truman, aimed to address social and economic issues in the US, leading to the expansion of social welfare programs, civil rights initiatives, and economic reforms.
• The Red Scare, Loyalty Security Program, and HUAC investigations marked a period of anti-communist hysteria and fear in the US.

The Hollywood Ten and McCarthyism

• The Hollywood Ten consisted of film industry professionals who refused to cooperate with HUAC's investigations into communist influences in Hollywood.
• McCarthyism, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, was characterized by accusations, investigations, and unfounded allegations of communist sympathies.

Eisenhower and the Bretton Woods System

• Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the US, focusing on national security and economic stability.
• The Bretton Woods System established international economic agreements, including the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

Post-War Suburbanization and the GI Bill

• The GI Bill provided education, housing, and loan benefits to veterans, contributing to post-war economic growth and social mobility.
• Suburbanization was driven by factors like economic prosperity, automobile ownership, government policies, and social preferences for suburban lifestyles.
• William Levitt developed innovative mass production techniques for suburban housing, particularly in Levittown, New York.