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Questions and Answers
Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.
Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.
uses action potentials
Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?
Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?
- Anterolateral system
- Posterior columns
- Spinocerebellar tracts
- Corticospinal tracts (correct)
The cerebellar cortex is extensively folded and resembles tree branches. What is it called?
The cerebellar cortex is extensively folded and resembles tree branches. What is it called?
arbor vitae
Cognition is best described as __________.
Cognition is best described as __________.
An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a __________.
An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a __________.
What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in __________.
The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in __________.
Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?
Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?
The most important part of the brain in terms of our immediate survival is the:
The most important part of the brain in terms of our immediate survival is the:
The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
Which of the following structures connects the brain to the spinal cord?
Which of the following structures connects the brain to the spinal cord?
Which brain nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock'?
Which brain nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock'?
Dreams occur during which stage of sleep?
Dreams occur during which stage of sleep?
Integrative functions are carried out by the:
Integrative functions are carried out by the:
Our conscious processes are all functions of the:
Our conscious processes are all functions of the:
What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?
What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?
The primary visual cortex is located in the:
The primary visual cortex is located in the:
The deep grooves in the cerebrum are known as:
The deep grooves in the cerebrum are known as:
What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?
What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?
Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as __________.
Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as __________.
Imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by:
Imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by:
The cerebellum functions in __________.
The cerebellum functions in __________.
The ability to produce language is a function of _________, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _________.
The ability to produce language is a function of _________, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _________.
What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?
What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?
Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?
Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?
What is not part of the cerebrum?
What is not part of the cerebrum?
Which of the following areas of white matter is not located within the cerebral hemispheres?
Which of the following areas of white matter is not located within the cerebral hemispheres?
During development of the nervous system, the telencephalon will become the:
During development of the nervous system, the telencephalon will become the:
Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.
Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.
The two brain structures concerned directly with maintenance of homeostasis include certain nuclei in the brainstem and the _____.
The two brain structures concerned directly with maintenance of homeostasis include certain nuclei in the brainstem and the _____.
It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______.
It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______.
What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?
What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?
The central sulcus separates the
The central sulcus separates the
Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as __________.
Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as __________.
Somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the _____________.
Somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the _____________.
The cauda equina is:
The cauda equina is:
You've looked for your keys for the past 10 minutes in several different places. The ability to keep track of the places you've already looked is stored in __________.
You've looked for your keys for the past 10 minutes in several different places. The ability to keep track of the places you've already looked is stored in __________.
The hole in the spinal cord through which CSF flows is the __________.
The hole in the spinal cord through which CSF flows is the __________.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the __________.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the __________.
The third ventricle of the brain drains into the fourth ventricle via the:
The third ventricle of the brain drains into the fourth ventricle via the:
The descending motor tracts that allow for reflexive movement of the head and eyes are the:
The descending motor tracts that allow for reflexive movement of the head and eyes are the:
Certain functions of the brain appear to be lateralized, meaning the brain divides certain tasks between the two hemispheres. One such lateralization that is linked to the left hemisphere is:
Certain functions of the brain appear to be lateralized, meaning the brain divides certain tasks between the two hemispheres. One such lateralization that is linked to the left hemisphere is:
While playing Frisbee with your friends, you are able to track it in the air when it is your turn to catch it because of your:
While playing Frisbee with your friends, you are able to track it in the air when it is your turn to catch it because of your:
Which of the following should not cross the blood-brain barrier with ease?
Which of the following should not cross the blood-brain barrier with ease?
For certain surgical procedures, a local anesthetic is injected into which of the following areas within the spinal cord?
For certain surgical procedures, a local anesthetic is injected into which of the following areas within the spinal cord?
The innermost, delicate meninx that follows the gyri and sulci of the brain is known as the:
The innermost, delicate meninx that follows the gyri and sulci of the brain is known as the:
All of the following tracts of the spinal white matter are descending except:
All of the following tracts of the spinal white matter are descending except:
Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.
Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.
Which of the following actions is not a function of the spinal cord?
Which of the following actions is not a function of the spinal cord?
All of the following are ascending tracts of the spinal white matter except:
All of the following are ascending tracts of the spinal white matter except:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by __________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into __________.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by __________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into __________.
The periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater are fused together in all regions except:
The periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater are fused together in all regions except:
In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?
In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?
What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?
What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?
The end of the spinal cord is known as the:
The end of the spinal cord is known as the:
The _____ contains the cell bodies of neurons responsible for motor control of the viscera via the autonomic nervous system.
The _____ contains the cell bodies of neurons responsible for motor control of the viscera via the autonomic nervous system.
Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.
Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.
Which special sense does not travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?
Which special sense does not travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is important for __________.
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is important for __________.
A critical function of the basal nuclei is to:
A critical function of the basal nuclei is to:
The perception of _____ involves not only areas S1 and S2 of the cortex but also the basal nuclei, the hypothalamus, parts of the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.
The perception of _____ involves not only areas S1 and S2 of the cortex but also the basal nuclei, the hypothalamus, parts of the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.
Which tracts originate from the cell bodies of upper motor neurons, synapse on interneurons that communicate with cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of the brainstem, and do not decussate and enter the spinal cord?
Which tracts originate from the cell bodies of upper motor neurons, synapse on interneurons that communicate with cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of the brainstem, and do not decussate and enter the spinal cord?
The axons of neurons that transmit tactile discriminative touch and proprioceptive stimuli from the trunk, neck, and upper limbs are known as:
The axons of neurons that transmit tactile discriminative touch and proprioceptive stimuli from the trunk, neck, and upper limbs are known as:
Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?
Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the anterolateral system?
Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the anterolateral system?
Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all involved with:
Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all involved with:
The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _______, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the _________.
The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _______, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the _________.
Where is the sensation of touch processed?
Where is the sensation of touch processed?
Gustatory stimuli are stimuli pertaining to:
Gustatory stimuli are stimuli pertaining to:
What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?
What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?
Motor error, or the difference between the intended movement and the actual movement that is taking place, is regulated by the:
Motor error, or the difference between the intended movement and the actual movement that is taking place, is regulated by the:
Where do the fibers of the corticospinal tracts decussate?
Where do the fibers of the corticospinal tracts decussate?
Which of the following general somatic senses is not considered a mechanical sense?
Which of the following general somatic senses is not considered a mechanical sense?
Which body region would have the most sensory receptors and in turn have more space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex?
Which body region would have the most sensory receptors and in turn have more space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex?
An individual with damage to the ________ will have difficulty in continuing a movement in a smooth, fluid, balanced fashion after it has been initiated.
An individual with damage to the ________ will have difficulty in continuing a movement in a smooth, fluid, balanced fashion after it has been initiated.
What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?
What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?
Second-order neurons will synapse with third-order neurons located in the:
Second-order neurons will synapse with third-order neurons located in the:
The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________.
The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________.
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata are all part of the:
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata are all part of the:
What is the labeled structure and what is its function?
What is the labeled structure and what is its function?
The endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the brain
The endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the brain
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The delicate, innermost cranial menix is the:
The delicate, innermost cranial menix is the:
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located inside:
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located inside:
Epidural anesthesia is injected into the:
Epidural anesthesia is injected into the:
Study Notes
Homeostasis and Neural Regulation
- Homeostatic regulation by the nervous system uses action potentials, contrasting with endocrine regulation.
- The hypothalamus links the nervous system and endocrine system, regulating autonomic functions and the sleep/wake cycle.
Cerebral Anatomy
- The cerebellar cortex has a tree-like structure known as arbor vitae.
- An elevated ridge on the cerebrum is referred to as a gyrus, while deep grooves are known as fissures.
- The central sulcus separates the parietal and frontal lobes.
Cognition and Language
- Cognition involves recognizing, processing, planning, and responding to stimuli.
- Broca's area is responsible for language production, whereas Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension.
Brain Structures and Functions
- The brainstem is crucial for immediate survival and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
- The basal nuclei play a key role in inhibiting inappropriate movements.
- The cerebellum coordinates movement and regulates motor errors.
Sensory and Motor Pathways
- The corticospinal tracts are descending motor pathways that do not carry sensory stimuli.
- First-order neurons deliver sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.
- The anterolateral system's tracts decussate in the posterior horn, while posterior column tracts decussate in the medulla.
Memory and Sleep
- Short-term memory helps track previously checked locations; long-term potentiation is vital for new declarative memory formation.
- REM sleep is the stage where dreams occur, and the suprachiastmatic nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock.'
Spinal Cord and Meninges
- The central canal in the spinal cord allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, while the pia mater is the innermost, delicate meninx.
- Epidural anesthesia is administered in the space between the meningeal dura mater and vertebral bone.
Neurotransmitters and Special Senses
- Orexin promotes wakefulness, and olfaction is unique as it does not relay through the thalamus.
- The primary vestibular cortex processes equilibrium information.
Cellular and Tissue Characteristics
- Astrocytes and tight junctions form the blood-brain barrier, limiting the passage of large polar molecules.
- The choroid plexuses secrete CSF, which circulates through the subarachnoid space.
Neurological Conditions and Impacts
- Sleep deprivation can disrupt homeostasis, cognitive abilities, and cause severe health issues.
- Damage to the cerebellum impacts smooth execution of movements, affecting balance and coordination.
Developmental Context
- The telencephalon develops into cerebral hemispheres, while the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the primary brain vesicles from the neural tube.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 12 of Anatomy & Physiology with these flashcards. Explore the differences between homeostatic regulation in the endocrine and nervous systems, along with sensory stimulus pathways. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts and preparing for exams!
