A & P Lecture Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

uses action potentials

Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?

Anterolateral system

Posterior columns

Spinocerebellar tracts

Corticospinal tracts (correct)

The cerebellar cortex is extensively folded and resembles tree branches. What is it called?

arbor vitae

Cognition is best described as __________.

recognizing, processing, planning, and responding to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a __________.

gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in __________.

the promotion of wakefulness Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?

Occipital Signup and view all the answers

The most important part of the brain in terms of our immediate survival is the:

the brainstem Signup and view all the answers

The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures connects the brain to the spinal cord?

brainstem Signup and view all the answers

Which brain nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock'?

Suprachiastmatic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Dreams occur during which stage of sleep?

REM Signup and view all the answers

Integrative functions are carried out by the:

central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Our conscious processes are all functions of the:

cerebral cortex (neocortex) Signup and view all the answers

What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

The primary visual cortex is located in the:

occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

The deep grooves in the cerebrum are known as:

fissures Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?

forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain Signup and view all the answers

Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as __________.

tracts Signup and view all the answers

Imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by:

sleep deprivation Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum functions in __________.

the planning and coordination of movement Signup and view all the answers

The ability to produce language is a function of _, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _.

Broca's area; Wernicke's area Signup and view all the answers

What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?

the pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?

Caudate nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is not part of the cerebrum?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas of white matter is not located within the cerebral hemispheres?

Funiculi Signup and view all the answers

During development of the nervous system, the telencephalon will become the:

cerebral hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.

thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The two brain structures concerned directly with maintenance of homeostasis include certain nuclei in the brainstem and the _____.

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______.

decussate Signup and view all the answers

What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?

association fibers Signup and view all the answers

The central sulcus separates the

parietal & frontal lobes Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as __________.

the blood brain barrier Signup and view all the answers

Somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the _____________.

posterior root ganglion Signup and view all the answers

The cauda equina is:

a bundle of spinal root nerves Signup and view all the answers

You've looked for your keys for the past 10 minutes in several different places. The ability to keep track of the places you've already looked is stored in __________.

short term (working) memory Signup and view all the answers

The hole in the spinal cord through which CSF flows is the __________.

central canal Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the __________.

subarachnoid space Signup and view all the answers

The third ventricle of the brain drains into the fourth ventricle via the:

cerebral aqueduct Signup and view all the answers

The descending motor tracts that allow for reflexive movement of the head and eyes are the:

tectospinal tracts Signup and view all the answers

Certain functions of the brain appear to be lateralized, meaning the brain divides certain tasks between the two hemispheres. One such lateralization that is linked to the left hemisphere is:

language related recognition Signup and view all the answers

While playing Frisbee with your friends, you are able to track it in the air when it is your turn to catch it because of your:

parietal association cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should not cross the blood-brain barrier with ease?

Large polar molecules Signup and view all the answers

For certain surgical procedures, a local anesthetic is injected into which of the following areas within the spinal cord?

epidural space Signup and view all the answers

The innermost, delicate meninx that follows the gyri and sulci of the brain is known as the:

pia mater Signup and view all the answers

All of the following tracts of the spinal white matter are descending except:

Spinocerebellar tracts Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.

anterior horn Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is not a function of the spinal cord?

Interpret stimuli Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are ascending tracts of the spinal white matter except:

Corticospinal tracts Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into .

choroid plexuses; dural sinuses Signup and view all the answers

The periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater are fused together in all regions except:

dural sinuses Signup and view all the answers

In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?

falx cerebri Signup and view all the answers

What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

corticospinal tract Signup and view all the answers

The end of the spinal cord is known as the:

conus medullaris Signup and view all the answers

The _____ contains the cell bodies of neurons responsible for motor control of the viscera via the autonomic nervous system.

lateral horn Signup and view all the answers

Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

uses action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Which special sense does not travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?

olfaction Signup and view all the answers

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is important for __________.

formation of new declarative memories Signup and view all the answers

A critical function of the basal nuclei is to:

inhibit inappropriate movement Signup and view all the answers

The perception of _____ involves not only areas S1 and S2 of the cortex but also the basal nuclei, the hypothalamus, parts of the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.

pain Signup and view all the answers

Which tracts originate from the cell bodies of upper motor neurons, synapse on interneurons that communicate with cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of the brainstem, and do not decussate and enter the spinal cord?

Corticonuclear tracts Signup and view all the answers

The axons of neurons that transmit tactile discriminative touch and proprioceptive stimuli from the trunk, neck, and upper limbs are known as:

lateral fasciculus cuneatus Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?

anterior horn of spinal gray matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the anterolateral system?

Discriminative touch Signup and view all the answers

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all involved with:

planning and coordinating voluntary movement Signup and view all the answers

The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the ___.

posterior horn and medulla Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sensation of touch processed?

somatosensory association cortex, or S2 Signup and view all the answers

Gustatory stimuli are stimuli pertaining to:

taste Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?

basal nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Motor error, or the difference between the intended movement and the actual movement that is taking place, is regulated by the:

cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Where do the fibers of the corticospinal tracts decussate?

medulla Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following general somatic senses is not considered a mechanical sense?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which body region would have the most sensory receptors and in turn have more space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex?

lips and tongue Signup and view all the answers

An individual with damage to the ________ will have difficulty in continuing a movement in a smooth, fluid, balanced fashion after it has been initiated.

cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?

equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Second-order neurons will synapse with third-order neurons located in the:

thalamus Signup and view all the answers

The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________.

cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata are all part of the:

brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What is the labeled structure and what is its function?

choroid plexus; secretes CSF Signup and view all the answers

The endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the brain

limit endocytosis and exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Maintain high intracranial pressure Signup and view all the answers

The delicate, innermost cranial menix is the:

pia mater Signup and view all the answers

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located inside:

dorsal root ganglion Signup and view all the answers

Epidural anesthesia is injected into the:

space between the meningeal dura mater and the bone of the vertebral foramen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Homeostasis and Neural Regulation

Homeostatic regulation by the nervous system uses action potentials, contrasting with endocrine regulation.
The hypothalamus links the nervous system and endocrine system, regulating autonomic functions and the sleep/wake cycle.

Cerebral Anatomy

The cerebellar cortex has a tree-like structure known as arbor vitae.
An elevated ridge on the cerebrum is referred to as a gyrus, while deep grooves are known as fissures.
The central sulcus separates the parietal and frontal lobes.

Cognition and Language

Cognition involves recognizing, processing, planning, and responding to stimuli.
Broca's area is responsible for language production, whereas Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension.

Brain Structures and Functions

The brainstem is crucial for immediate survival and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
The basal nuclei play a key role in inhibiting inappropriate movements.
The cerebellum coordinates movement and regulates motor errors.

Sensory and Motor Pathways

The corticospinal tracts are descending motor pathways that do not carry sensory stimuli.
First-order neurons deliver sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.
The anterolateral system's tracts decussate in the posterior horn, while posterior column tracts decussate in the medulla.

Memory and Sleep

Short-term memory helps track previously checked locations; long-term potentiation is vital for new declarative memory formation.
REM sleep is the stage where dreams occur, and the suprachiastmatic nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock.'

Spinal Cord and Meninges

The central canal in the spinal cord allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, while the pia mater is the innermost, delicate meninx.
Epidural anesthesia is administered in the space between the meningeal dura mater and vertebral bone.

Neurotransmitters and Special Senses

Orexin promotes wakefulness, and olfaction is unique as it does not relay through the thalamus.
The primary vestibular cortex processes equilibrium information.

Cellular and Tissue Characteristics

Astrocytes and tight junctions form the blood-brain barrier, limiting the passage of large polar molecules.
The choroid plexuses secrete CSF, which circulates through the subarachnoid space.

Neurological Conditions and Impacts

Sleep deprivation can disrupt homeostasis, cognitive abilities, and cause severe health issues.
Damage to the cerebellum impacts smooth execution of movements, affecting balance and coordination.

Developmental Context

The telencephalon develops into cerebral hemispheres, while the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the primary brain vesicles from the neural tube.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 12 of Anatomy & Physiology with these flashcards. Explore the differences between homeostatic regulation in the endocrine and nervous systems, along with sensory stimulus pathways. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts and preparing for exams!

A & P Lecture Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?

The cerebellar cortex is extensively folded and resembles tree branches. What is it called?

Cognition is best described as __________.

An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a __________.

What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in __________.

Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?

The most important part of the brain in terms of our immediate survival is the:

The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.

Which of the following structures connects the brain to the spinal cord?

Which brain nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock'?

Dreams occur during which stage of sleep?

Integrative functions are carried out by the:

Our conscious processes are all functions of the:

What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?

The primary visual cortex is located in the:

The deep grooves in the cerebrum are known as:

What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?

Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as __________.

Imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by:

The cerebellum functions in __________.

The ability to produce language is a function of _________, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _________.

What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?

Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?

What is not part of the cerebrum?

Which of the following areas of white matter is not located within the cerebral hemispheres?

During development of the nervous system, the telencephalon will become the:

Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.

The two brain structures concerned directly with maintenance of homeostasis include certain nuclei in the brainstem and the _____.

It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______.

What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?

The central sulcus separates the

Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as __________.

Somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the _____________.

The cauda equina is:

You've looked for your keys for the past 10 minutes in several different places. The ability to keep track of the places you've already looked is stored in __________.

The hole in the spinal cord through which CSF flows is the __________.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the __________.

The third ventricle of the brain drains into the fourth ventricle via the:

The descending motor tracts that allow for reflexive movement of the head and eyes are the:

Certain functions of the brain appear to be lateralized, meaning the brain divides certain tasks between the two hemispheres. One such lateralization that is linked to the left hemisphere is:

While playing Frisbee with your friends, you are able to track it in the air when it is your turn to catch it because of your:

Which of the following should not cross the blood-brain barrier with ease?

For certain surgical procedures, a local anesthetic is injected into which of the following areas within the spinal cord?

The innermost, delicate meninx that follows the gyri and sulci of the brain is known as the:

All of the following tracts of the spinal white matter are descending except:

Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the spinal cord?

All of the following are ascending tracts of the spinal white matter except:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by __________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into __________.

The periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater are fused together in all regions except:

In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?

What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

The end of the spinal cord is known as the:

The _____ contains the cell bodies of neurons responsible for motor control of the viscera via the autonomic nervous system.

Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

Which special sense does not travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is important for __________.

A critical function of the basal nuclei is to:

The perception of _____ involves not only areas S1 and S2 of the cortex but also the basal nuclei, the hypothalamus, parts of the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.

Which tracts originate from the cell bodies of upper motor neurons, synapse on interneurons that communicate with cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of the brainstem, and do not decussate and enter the spinal cord?

The axons of neurons that transmit tactile discriminative touch and proprioceptive stimuli from the trunk, neck, and upper limbs are known as:

Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?

Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the anterolateral system?

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all involved with:

The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _______, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the _________.

Where is the sensation of touch processed?

Gustatory stimuli are stimuli pertaining to:

What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?

Motor error, or the difference between the intended movement and the actual movement that is taking place, is regulated by the:

Where do the fibers of the corticospinal tracts decussate?

Which of the following general somatic senses is not considered a mechanical sense?

Which body region would have the most sensory receptors and in turn have more space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex?

An individual with damage to the ________ will have difficulty in continuing a movement in a smooth, fluid, balanced fashion after it has been initiated.

What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?

Second-order neurons will synapse with third-order neurons located in the:

The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________.

The ability to produce language is a function of _, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into .

The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the ___.