A & P Lecture Chapter 12 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

uses action potentials

Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?

  • Anterolateral system
  • Posterior columns
  • Spinocerebellar tracts
  • Corticospinal tracts (correct)

    • The cerebellar cortex is extensively folded and resembles tree branches. What is it called?

    arbor vitae

    Cognition is best described as __________.

    <p>recognizing, processing, planning, and responding to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a __________.

    <p>gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in __________.

    <p>the promotion of wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?

    <p>Occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most important part of the brain in terms of our immediate survival is the:

    <p>the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures connects the brain to the spinal cord?

    <p>brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock'?

    <p>Suprachiastmatic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dreams occur during which stage of sleep?

    <p>REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrative functions are carried out by the:

    <p>central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Our conscious processes are all functions of the:

    <p>cerebral cortex (neocortex)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary visual cortex is located in the:

    <p>occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deep grooves in the cerebrum are known as:

    <p>fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?

    <p>forebrain, midbrain, &amp; hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as __________.

    <p>tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by:

    <p>sleep deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum functions in __________.

    <p>the planning and coordination of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to produce language is a function of _________, whereas the ability to understand language is a function of _________.

    <p>Broca's area; Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?

    <p>the pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?

    <p>Caudate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not part of the cerebrum?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas of white matter is not located within the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Funiculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During development of the nervous system, the telencephalon will become the:

    <p>cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two brain structures concerned directly with maintenance of homeostasis include certain nuclei in the brainstem and the _____.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts ______.

    <p>decussate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?

    <p>association fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central sulcus separates the

    <p>parietal &amp; frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as __________.

    <p>the blood brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the _____________.

    <p>posterior root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cauda equina is:

    <p>a bundle of spinal root nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You've looked for your keys for the past 10 minutes in several different places. The ability to keep track of the places you've already looked is stored in __________.

    <p>short term (working) memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hole in the spinal cord through which CSF flows is the __________.

    <p>central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the __________.

    <p>subarachnoid space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third ventricle of the brain drains into the fourth ventricle via the:

    <p>cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending motor tracts that allow for reflexive movement of the head and eyes are the:

    <p>tectospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain functions of the brain appear to be lateralized, meaning the brain divides certain tasks between the two hemispheres. One such lateralization that is linked to the left hemisphere is:

    <p>language related recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While playing Frisbee with your friends, you are able to track it in the air when it is your turn to catch it because of your:

    <p>parietal association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should not cross the blood-brain barrier with ease?

    <p>Large polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For certain surgical procedures, a local anesthetic is injected into which of the following areas within the spinal cord?

    <p>epidural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost, delicate meninx that follows the gyri and sulci of the brain is known as the:

    <p>pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following tracts of the spinal white matter are descending except:

    <p>Spinocerebellar tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.

    <p>anterior horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is not a function of the spinal cord?

    <p>Interpret stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are ascending tracts of the spinal white matter except:

    <p>Corticospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by __________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into __________.

    <p>choroid plexuses; dural sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater are fused together in all regions except:

    <p>dural sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?

    <p>falx cerebri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

    <p>corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The end of the spinal cord is known as the:

    <p>conus medullaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ contains the cell bodies of neurons responsible for motor control of the viscera via the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>lateral horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to homeostatic regulation by the endocrine system, homeostatic regulation by the nervous system __________.

    <p>uses action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which special sense does not travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?

    <p>olfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is important for __________.

    <p>formation of new declarative memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A critical function of the basal nuclei is to:

    <p>inhibit inappropriate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of _____ involves not only areas S1 and S2 of the cortex but also the basal nuclei, the hypothalamus, parts of the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.

    <p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tracts originate from the cell bodies of upper motor neurons, synapse on interneurons that communicate with cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of the brainstem, and do not decussate and enter the spinal cord?

    <p>Corticonuclear tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axons of neurons that transmit tactile discriminative touch and proprioceptive stimuli from the trunk, neck, and upper limbs are known as:

    <p>lateral fasciculus cuneatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?

    <p>anterior horn of spinal gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the anterolateral system?

    <p>Discriminative touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all involved with:

    <p>planning and coordinating voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _______, whereas the tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the _________.

    <p>posterior horn and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sensation of touch processed?

    <p>somatosensory association cortex, or S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gustatory stimuli are stimuli pertaining to:

    <p>taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?

    <p>basal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor error, or the difference between the intended movement and the actual movement that is taking place, is regulated by the:

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the fibers of the corticospinal tracts decussate?

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following general somatic senses is not considered a mechanical sense?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body region would have the most sensory receptors and in turn have more space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex?

    <p>lips and tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with damage to the ________ will have difficulty in continuing a movement in a smooth, fluid, balanced fashion after it has been initiated.

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?

    <p>equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Second-order neurons will synapse with third-order neurons located in the:

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the __________.

    <p>cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata are all part of the:

    <p>brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the labeled structure and what is its function?

    <p>choroid plexus; secretes CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the brain

    <p>limit endocytosis and exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Maintain high intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The delicate, innermost cranial menix is the:

    <p>pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located inside:

    <p>dorsal root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidural anesthesia is injected into the:

    <p>space between the meningeal dura mater and the bone of the vertebral foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis and Neural Regulation

    • Homeostatic regulation by the nervous system uses action potentials, contrasting with endocrine regulation.
    • The hypothalamus links the nervous system and endocrine system, regulating autonomic functions and the sleep/wake cycle.

    Cerebral Anatomy

    • The cerebellar cortex has a tree-like structure known as arbor vitae.
    • An elevated ridge on the cerebrum is referred to as a gyrus, while deep grooves are known as fissures.
    • The central sulcus separates the parietal and frontal lobes.

    Cognition and Language

    • Cognition involves recognizing, processing, planning, and responding to stimuli.
    • Broca's area is responsible for language production, whereas Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension.

    Brain Structures and Functions

    • The brainstem is crucial for immediate survival and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
    • The basal nuclei play a key role in inhibiting inappropriate movements.
    • The cerebellum coordinates movement and regulates motor errors.

    Sensory and Motor Pathways

    • The corticospinal tracts are descending motor pathways that do not carry sensory stimuli.
    • First-order neurons deliver sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.
    • The anterolateral system's tracts decussate in the posterior horn, while posterior column tracts decussate in the medulla.

    Memory and Sleep

    • Short-term memory helps track previously checked locations; long-term potentiation is vital for new declarative memory formation.
    • REM sleep is the stage where dreams occur, and the suprachiastmatic nucleus serves as the body's 'master clock.'

    Spinal Cord and Meninges

    • The central canal in the spinal cord allows for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, while the pia mater is the innermost, delicate meninx.
    • Epidural anesthesia is administered in the space between the meningeal dura mater and vertebral bone.

    Neurotransmitters and Special Senses

    • Orexin promotes wakefulness, and olfaction is unique as it does not relay through the thalamus.
    • The primary vestibular cortex processes equilibrium information.

    Cellular and Tissue Characteristics

    • Astrocytes and tight junctions form the blood-brain barrier, limiting the passage of large polar molecules.
    • The choroid plexuses secrete CSF, which circulates through the subarachnoid space.

    Neurological Conditions and Impacts

    • Sleep deprivation can disrupt homeostasis, cognitive abilities, and cause severe health issues.
    • Damage to the cerebellum impacts smooth execution of movements, affecting balance and coordination.

    Developmental Context

    • The telencephalon develops into cerebral hemispheres, while the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the primary brain vesicles from the neural tube.

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    Test your knowledge on Chapter 12 of Anatomy & Physiology with these flashcards. Explore the differences between homeostatic regulation in the endocrine and nervous systems, along with sensory stimulus pathways. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts and preparing for exams!

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