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Questions and Answers
How can you visually discern the right and left ventricles of a dissected heart?
How can you visually discern the right and left ventricles of a dissected heart?
Noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls.
Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
- The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.
- The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. (correct)
- Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart.
- The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
- The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart.
- The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.
- The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. (correct)
- Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential.
What is the explanation for the effect of a calcium channel blocker prescribed to prevent angina?
What is the explanation for the effect of a calcium channel blocker prescribed to prevent angina?
What does hemorrhage with a large loss of blood cause?
What does hemorrhage with a large loss of blood cause?
What does the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicate?
What does the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicate?
What might occur if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells?
What might occur if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells?
When are the atrioventricular (AV) valves closed?
When are the atrioventricular (AV) valves closed?
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
During contraction of heart muscle cells, what happens?
During contraction of heart muscle cells, what happens?
What does isovolumetric contraction refer to?
What does isovolumetric contraction refer to?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Right and left ventricles can be differentiated by the thickness of their walls.
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent blood backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.
- The myocardium is the contractile layer of the heart, while other layers include the endocardium and epicardium.
- Cardiac output can be affected by various factors including venous return, stroke volume, and heart rate.
Pharmacology and Heart Response
- Calcium channel blockers reduce angina by decreasing myocardial contractility, thereby lowering oxygen demand.
- Hemorrhage leading to significant blood loss results in lowered blood pressure due to decreased cardiac output.
Electrical Activity and Cardiac Cycle
- The P wave in an electrocardiogram represents atrial depolarization.
- The absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle prevents tetanic contractions, ensuring the heart maintains its pumping action.
- During isovolumetric contraction, the ventricles are completely closed chambers while blood pressure rises without chamber volume change.
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
- Calcium ions enter cardiac cells from extracellular sources and trigger additional calcium release from intracellular stores to facilitate contraction.
- Cardiac muscle cells feature gap junctions, allowing synchronized contraction and reflecting the heart's intrinsic conduction system.
Valvular and Chamber Function
- AV valves are closed during ventricular systole, preventing backflow into the atria.
- A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume and stroke volume, enhancing cardiac contractility and performance.
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