42 Questions
Bolos flow through kidney-aorta-segmental artery-interlobar artery- arcuate artery- interlobular artery- Afferent arteriole- glomerulus (capillaries )- efferent arterioles- ______________-interlobular vein - arcuate vein- interlobar-renal vein- inferior vena cava
The kidney
Cortex = 1.25 million nephrons Medulla = 6-18 renal pyramids PCT = Reabsorbs (H2O , ions & all organic nutrients) DCT = Secretion of ions, acids , drugs , toxins
Hormones of the kidney
Renin, prostaglandins + Kinins+ EPO
Nephron start to finish
Renal corpuscle (bowman’s capsule, glomerulus) , PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct
Renal
Peritubular capillaries = Unique to nephron Vasa recta = Unique to juxtamedullary nephron Renal corpuscle = Produces filtrate Collecting duct = Variable reabsorbtion of H2O / reabsorbs or secretes Na+, K+, H+, HCO3- ions
Increased Net filtration pressure = increased Glomular Filtraion rate
True
What percentage of water intake comes from beverages?
60%
Which hormone is responsible for getting the kidney to retain sodium and water?
Aldosterone
What is the biggest threat in potassium balance?
Hypokalemia
What is the source of most hydrogen ions in the body?
Lactic Acid
What is the primary energy source used in conditions like starving, keto, or diabetic ketoacidosis?
Ketone Bodies
Which buffer system is the most important extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer?
Bicarbonate system
What is the normal range for fasting plasma glucose?
70-110 mg/dL
If GFR = 135 mL/min and plasma glucose = 355 mg/dL, what is the filtered load for glucose?
479.25 mg/min
In response to metabolic acidosis, what is the primary action to address the imbalance?
Hyperventilation
Which condition leads to metabolic alkalosis?
Excessive vomiting
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
What is the primary function of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)?
Regulation of blood pressure
Which part of the kidney is responsible for the reabsorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from filtrate?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
What is the main function of the Vasa Recta in the kidney?
Urine-concentrating mechanism
What is the primary role of the Glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle?
Filtration of blood plasma
Which part of the nephron is involved in the last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption?
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
What drives the process of glomerular filtration in the kidney?
Starling forces
Which type of nephron is responsible for the location of the countercurrent exchange mechanism?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the main function of the Peritubular capillaries in the kidney?
Reabsorb solutes
What is the composition of the filtrate that leaves the glomerulus during glomerular filtration?
Salts and organic molecules
Which part of the kidney is responsible for the production and secretion of hormones such as renin and erythropoietin?
Nephron
What is the location of the kidneys within the abdominal cavity?
Behind the peritoneum
What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for the production of filtrate from blood and the reabsorption of nutrients, water, and ions?
Nephron
Which part of the kidney is responsible for the discharge of waste products into the environment?
Urethra
Match the following functions with their roles in the urinary system:
Filter fluid of blood = Kidney function Excretion of waste products = Urinary system function Regulate body fluid osmolality & volume = Kidney function Production and secretion of hormones = Urinary system function
Match the following urinary system components with their locations:
Kidneys = Retroperitoneally Ureters = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum Urinary Bladder = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum Urethra = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum
Match the following nephron parts with their functions:
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from filtrate Loop of Henle = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption Collecting Duct = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption
Match the following capillary types with their locations and functions:
Glomerular capillaries = In the renal corpuscle; reabsorb solutes Peritubular capillaries = Come from the efferent arterioles; reabsorb solutes Vasa Recta = Only on juxtamedullary nephrons; urine-concentrating mechanism
Match the following components with their percentage contribution to water intake:
Metabolism = 10% Food = 30% Beverages = 60% Water intake = 9%
Match the following hormones with their functions:
ADH = Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys Aldosterone = Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys ANP = Counteracts the effects of aldosterone and vasopressin PTH = Stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bones
Match the following electrolytes with their functions:
Sodium = Wherever it goes, water follows Potassium = Hypokalemia is the biggest threat Calcium = Regulated by PTH and calcitonin Chloride = Follows sodium and dissociates after digestion
Match the following pH terms with their descriptions:
Arterial blood pH = 7.4 Intracellular fluid pH = 7.0 Neutral pH = Pure water Acidic pH = More hydrogen ions
Match the following buffer systems with their characteristics:
Bicarbonate system = Most important ECF buffer Phosphate buffer system = Not being tested on Proteins buffer system = Made up of amino acids with the ability to hold or release H+ ions Respiratory mechanisms = Response to pH imbalances by adjusting CO2 levels
Match the following blood vessels with their locations in the kidney:
Afferent arteriole = Leads to the glomerulus Glomerulus = Site of ultrafiltration from blood to form filtrate Efferent arteriole = Carries blood away from the glomerulus Renal vein = Carries filtered blood out of the kidney
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
RAAS = Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and aldosterone release ADH = Controls water reabsorption in the kidneys in response to changes in plasma osmolality GFR Calculations = Determines the rate at which blood is filtered by the glomerulus Flow of filtrate through nephron = Path of filtrate from Bowman's capsule to collecting duct
Match the following responses to imbalances with their correct conditions:
Response to metabolic acidosis = Hyperventilation, hydrogen ion binding to buffer systems, and renal removal of hydrogen ions Response to metabolic alkalosis = Slowing down breathing rate, unloading H+ in buffer systems, and renal regulation of bicarbonate Blood Flow through the kidney = Renal artery, Segmental artery, Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery, Interlobular artery, Afferent Arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, Interlobular vein, Arcuate vein, Interlobar vein, Renal vein Consumption of water breakdown = 750 ml from food, 250 ml from metabolism, 1500 ml total
Test your knowledge of the functions of the urinary system in homeostatic regulation, including its role in regulating blood volume, pressure, ion concentrations, and pH. Learn about the filtration, excretion, and elimination processes, as well as key anatomy highlights for lab practical study.
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