Unit 4 kidney +

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Bolos flow through kidney-aorta-segmental artery-interlobar artery- arcuate artery- interlobular artery- Afferent arteriole- glomerulus (capillaries )- efferent arterioles- ______________-interlobular vein - arcuate vein- interlobar-renal vein- inferior vena cava

The kidney

Cortex = 1.25 million nephrons Medulla = 6-18 renal pyramids PCT = Reabsorbs (H2O , ions & all organic nutrients) DCT = Secretion of ions, acids , drugs , toxins

Hormones of the kidney

Renin, prostaglandins + Kinins+ EPO

Nephron start to finish

Renal corpuscle (bowman’s capsule, glomerulus) , PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Renal

Peritubular capillaries = Unique to nephron Vasa recta = Unique to juxtamedullary nephron Renal corpuscle = Produces filtrate Collecting duct = Variable reabsorbtion of H2O / reabsorbs or secretes Na+, K+, H+, HCO3- ions Signup and view all the answers

Increased Net filtration pressure = increased Glomular Filtraion rate

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water intake comes from beverages?

60% Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for getting the kidney to retain sodium and water?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest threat in potassium balance?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of most hydrogen ions in the body?

Lactic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source used in conditions like starving, keto, or diabetic ketoacidosis?

Ketone Bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which buffer system is the most important extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer?

Bicarbonate system Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for fasting plasma glucose?

70-110 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

If GFR = 135 mL/min and plasma glucose = 355 mg/dL, what is the filtered load for glucose?

479.25 mg/min Signup and view all the answers

In response to metabolic acidosis, what is the primary action to address the imbalance?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to metabolic alkalosis?

Excessive vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)?

Regulation of blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is responsible for the reabsorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from filtrate?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Vasa Recta in the kidney?

Urine-concentrating mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle?

Filtration of blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is involved in the last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption?

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Signup and view all the answers

What drives the process of glomerular filtration in the kidney?

Starling forces Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nephron is responsible for the location of the countercurrent exchange mechanism?

Juxtamedullary nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Peritubular capillaries in the kidney?

Reabsorb solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the filtrate that leaves the glomerulus during glomerular filtration?

Salts and organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is responsible for the production and secretion of hormones such as renin and erythropoietin?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the kidneys within the abdominal cavity?

Behind the peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for the production of filtrate from blood and the reabsorption of nutrients, water, and ions?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is responsible for the discharge of waste products into the environment?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with their roles in the urinary system:

Filter fluid of blood = Kidney function Excretion of waste products = Urinary system function Regulate body fluid osmolality & volume = Kidney function Production and secretion of hormones = Urinary system function Signup and view all the answers

Match the following urinary system components with their locations:

Kidneys = Retroperitoneally Ureters = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum Urinary Bladder = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum Urethra = Abdominal cavity but BEHIND peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nephron parts with their functions:

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from filtrate Loop of Henle = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption Collecting Duct = Last minute adjustments to ion, toxin, and drug secretion and reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Match the following capillary types with their locations and functions:

Glomerular capillaries = In the renal corpuscle; reabsorb solutes Peritubular capillaries = Come from the efferent arterioles; reabsorb solutes Vasa Recta = Only on juxtamedullary nephrons; urine-concentrating mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their percentage contribution to water intake:

Metabolism = 10% Food = 30% Beverages = 60% Water intake = 9% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their functions:

ADH = Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys Aldosterone = Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys ANP = Counteracts the effects of aldosterone and vasopressin PTH = Stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bones Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electrolytes with their functions:

Sodium = Wherever it goes, water follows Potassium = Hypokalemia is the biggest threat Calcium = Regulated by PTH and calcitonin Chloride = Follows sodium and dissociates after digestion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pH terms with their descriptions:

Arterial blood pH = 7.4 Intracellular fluid pH = 7.0 Neutral pH = Pure water Acidic pH = More hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following buffer systems with their characteristics:

Bicarbonate system = Most important ECF buffer Phosphate buffer system = Not being tested on Proteins buffer system = Made up of amino acids with the ability to hold or release H+ ions Respiratory mechanisms = Response to pH imbalances by adjusting CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels with their locations in the kidney:

Afferent arteriole = Leads to the glomerulus Glomerulus = Site of ultrafiltration from blood to form filtrate Efferent arteriole = Carries blood away from the glomerulus Renal vein = Carries filtered blood out of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

RAAS = Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and aldosterone release ADH = Controls water reabsorption in the kidneys in response to changes in plasma osmolality GFR Calculations = Determines the rate at which blood is filtered by the glomerulus Flow of filtrate through nephron = Path of filtrate from Bowman's capsule to collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responses to imbalances with their correct conditions:

Response to metabolic acidosis = Hyperventilation, hydrogen ion binding to buffer systems, and renal removal of hydrogen ions Response to metabolic alkalosis = Slowing down breathing rate, unloading H+ in buffer systems, and renal regulation of bicarbonate Blood Flow through the kidney = Renal artery, Segmental artery, Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery, Interlobular artery, Afferent Arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, Interlobular vein, Arcuate vein, Interlobar vein, Renal vein Consumption of water breakdown = 750 ml from food, 250 ml from metabolism, 1500 ml total Signup and view all the answers