PSYCH 1200 Chapter 8
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Questions and Answers

the men tap representation of an object, event or idea

clusters of interrelated concepts

categories are rule based and ___________ based, meaning that membership in a category is all or none as all members are equal

when members of a category vary in typicality

  • a difference in the reaction of yes or no
  • when rule based categorization breaks down

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prototype vs exemplars

<p>prototype = mental representations of an average category memory - classification is based on resemblance exemplars = based on comparing stimuli to an available example from memory prototypes focus on = info about typicality exemplars focus on = variability within a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

organizing out thoughts

<p>semantic networks = categories organized from the general to the more specific basic(middle) = where everyday thinking and language occurs superordinate(top) = when we do not have expertise, we rely of general terms subordinate(bottom) = when we have expertise or extensive knowledge about a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

this taks involves following real words

  • making it easier to recognize ideas with less cognitive resources to say yes or no

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faster and more accurate discrimination of stimuli straddling a colour boundary

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this view focuses on how thoughts and perceptions can influence all languages

  • how it guides our attention and shapes cognition
  • how as language complexity increases the complexity of what we perceive increases as well

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problem solving

<p>algorithms = following a set of rules, while going through every possible solution then finding the right one heuristics = relying on prior experiences, simplifying problems and spending up problem solving mental set = programmed and routine problem solving, resulting from the learning that occurs while problem solving with no deeper understanding match = match</p> Signup and view all the answers

functional fixedness

<p>occurs when looking of an objects most obvious function</p> Signup and view all the answers

the mistaken belief of finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories which is more likely then finding that of larger more general categories

<p>conjunction fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

the law of small numbers focuses on

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what is gamblers fallacy

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base rate means that

<p>A&amp;B</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the monty hall problem

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estimating the frequency of events based on the easiness of examples coming to mind

<p>availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

emotional memories based off the availability heuristic

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how the outcome of a question can change based on how we word the question

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when people label something as losses they perceive them as more risk

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when is framing used

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

the readiness to accept evidence which is consistent with out beliefs and ignore what challenges them

<p>belief perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are properties of language

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properties of language

<p>semanticity = sounds which have no connection to meaning productivity = creation of innate meaning to words and sentences displacement = being able to talk about thing in the future, past and present social learning = the need to explore language during the formative years</p> Signup and view all the answers

the basic units of speech

<p>phonems</p> Signup and view all the answers

the ability for young infant to distinguish between over 200 phonmes , which fades around 10 months

<p>experience dependent plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

the smallest meaningful units of language

<p>Morphemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

driving meaning form words, where you may not know a word but have comeuppance with a meaning of it based on how we have seen it used

<p>semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

words where the meaning has to be considered within the context of how they are used

<p>ambiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

the rules for combing words and morphemes into manful phrases and sentences

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what isn't true about syntax

<p>the order doesn't matter as syntax doesn't provide meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

a word by word basis where info is available but not all at once

<p>sentence syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

pragmatics are

<p>A&amp;B</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the primary function of wernickies area

<p>speech comprehensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the primary function of the brocas area

<p>speech production</p> Signup and view all the answers

a disorder of language which is caused by damage to the brain structures that support understanding and use of language

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damage to the brocas area which results in trouble combining words and getting sentences out, with no struggle understanding

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damage the the wernickes area with a struggle to associate speech with meaning, where a person is able to produce sounds but talking is a jumble of words with no real meaning

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language with development

<p>naming explosion = a rapid increase in vocabulary size, usually occurring around 20-24 months fast mapping = adding words to a vocabulary map receptive vocabulary = understanding more words then can be said when does language start to develop = 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

learning language rules

<p>overextension = the tendency to over use a word, naming everything that is similar as one word underextension = call the object they originally perceive as that name but if you change the colour, they don't name it anymore , ie red ball=ball, green ball =? over generalization = applying a rule of language when its not applicable metalincgusitc language = understanding of how language is being used</p> Signup and view all the answers

the time during child hood where children brains are primed to develop language skills

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the time during development where a child needs to be exposed to language or language skills

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what are the costs of a bilingual brain

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what are the benefits of a bilingual brain

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theories of language acquisition

<p>B.F. Skinner - behaviourist theory = children acquire sentence structure and syntax through imitation and operant conditioning nativist theory - Noam Chomsky = assuming humans have a genetic predisposition, developing language effortlessly universal grammer = common grammatical building blocks present within all languages interactionist theory = language development evolves biology and experience and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

individuals raised as a member of a different species

<p>cross fostering theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

which chimp was raised as if it were a human with the hope of it being in human environment b=may produce human language

  • using cognitive feedback

<p>viki</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the lexigram approach

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