PSYCH 1200 Chapter 8

the men tap representation of an object, event or idea

clusters of interrelated concepts

categories are rule based and ___________ based, meaning that membership in a category is all or none as all members are equal

when members of a category vary in typicality

a difference in the reaction of yes or no

when rule based categorization breaks down

prototype vs exemplars

prototype = mental representations of an average category memory - classification is based on resemblance exemplars = based on comparing stimuli to an available example from memory prototypes focus on = info about typicality exemplars focus on = variability within a category

organizing out thoughts

semantic networks = categories organized from the general to the more specific basic(middle) = where everyday thinking and language occurs superordinate(top) = when we do not have expertise, we rely of general terms subordinate(bottom) = when we have expertise or extensive knowledge about a category

this taks involves following real words

making it easier to recognize ideas with less cognitive resources to say yes or no

faster and more accurate discrimination of stimuli straddling a colour boundary

this view focuses on how thoughts and perceptions can influence all languages

how it guides our attention and shapes cognition

how as language complexity increases the complexity of what we perceive increases as well

problem solving

algorithms = following a set of rules, while going through every possible solution then finding the right one heuristics = relying on prior experiences, simplifying problems and spending up problem solving mental set = programmed and routine problem solving, resulting from the learning that occurs while problem solving with no deeper understanding match = match

functional fixedness

occurs when looking of an objects most obvious function

the mistaken belief of finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories which is more likely then finding that of larger more general categories

conjunction fallacy

the law of small numbers focuses on

what is gamblers fallacy

base rate means that

A&B

what is the monty hall problem

estimating the frequency of events based on the easiness of examples coming to mind

availability heuristic

emotional memories based off the availability heuristic

how the outcome of a question can change based on how we word the question

when people label something as losses they perceive them as more risk

when is framing used

all of the above

the readiness to accept evidence which is consistent with out beliefs and ignore what challenges them

belief perseverance

what are properties of language

properties of language

semanticity = sounds which have no connection to meaning productivity = creation of innate meaning to words and sentences displacement = being able to talk about thing in the future, past and present social learning = the need to explore language during the formative years

the basic units of speech

phonems

the ability for young infant to distinguish between over 200 phonmes , which fades around 10 months

experience dependent plasticity

the smallest meaningful units of language

Morphemes

driving meaning form words, where you may not know a word but have comeuppance with a meaning of it based on how we have seen it used

semantics

words where the meaning has to be considered within the context of how they are used

ambiguity

the rules for combing words and morphemes into manful phrases and sentences

what isn't true about syntax

the order doesn't matter as syntax doesn't provide meaning

a word by word basis where info is available but not all at once

sentence syntax

pragmatics are

A&B

what is the primary function of wernickies area

speech comprehensions

what is the primary function of the brocas area

speech production

a disorder of language which is caused by damage to the brain structures that support understanding and use of language

damage to the brocas area which results in trouble combining words and getting sentences out, with no struggle understanding

damage the the wernickes area with a struggle to associate speech with meaning, where a person is able to produce sounds but talking is a jumble of words with no real meaning

language with development

naming explosion = a rapid increase in vocabulary size, usually occurring around 20-24 months fast mapping = adding words to a vocabulary map receptive vocabulary = understanding more words then can be said when does language start to develop = 6 months

learning language rules

overextension = the tendency to over use a word, naming everything that is similar as one word underextension = call the object they originally perceive as that name but if you change the colour, they don't name it anymore , ie red ball=ball, green ball =? over generalization = applying a rule of language when its not applicable metalincgusitc language = understanding of how language is being used

the time during child hood where children brains are primed to develop language skills

the time during development where a child needs to be exposed to language or language skills

what are the costs of a bilingual brain

what are the benefits of a bilingual brain

theories of language acquisition

B.F. Skinner - behaviourist theory = children acquire sentence structure and syntax through imitation and operant conditioning nativist theory - Noam Chomsky = assuming humans have a genetic predisposition, developing language effortlessly universal grammer = common grammatical building blocks present within all languages interactionist theory = language development evolves biology and experience and environment

individuals raised as a member of a different species

cross fostering theories

which chimp was raised as if it were a human with the hope of it being in human environment b=may produce human language

using cognitive feedback

viki