RESEARCH UNIT 1 & 2

"We cannot be positive in our claims of knowledge when studying behaviors and actions of humans."

"Individuals develops subjective meanings of their experiences."

"Research inquiry should be intertwined with politics and political change agenda."

"We need to look to many possibilities for collecting and analyzing data."

(RESEARCH PROCESS)

• Topic/Problem Identification
• Review of Related Literature
• (Objective Formulation)

also known as "planning phase". Research Plan Formulation (RESEARCH PROCESS)

Data Gathering /Collection (RESEARCH PROCESS)

Data Analysis /Interpretation. most "challenging phase" (RESEARCH PROCESS)

Communicating /Utilizing most "valuable" (RESEARCH PROCESS)

It is the product of the research process in written/soft copy file form.

uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena. It is scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific method in designing and collecting numerical data.

To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a ___

Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.

Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and interpretation.

The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time consuming data analysis.

Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.

Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy.

Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making.

The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

quantitative research design that is used to determine the outcome of a specific intervention.

quantitative research design that lacks manipulation of independent variable.

researcher has control over the experiment

2 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables.

quantitative research design that lacks manipulation of independent variable.

provides numeric description of trends, attitude or behavior from a sample drawn in a specific population

collects data from a population or subset population through observation, survey or interview at a specific point in time.

collects data through observation, survey or interview of the same subjects over a period of time and can last up to several years.

identifies the relationship between variables among a single group of people

identifies the difference between variables

used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature.

used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions.

___ are anything that varies. They are anything that takes on different values, typically numerical values.

variable that is being manipulated by the researcher.

this variable assumes the change brought about by the other variable.

they are also called 'confounding' variables because their presence influences the outcome of the experiment in an undesirable way, they add error to an experiment.

The 3T's

readers browse a manuscript on this manner

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS:

what is SMART?

is a summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research problem or topic

these are literatures based on research findings

these are literature which are not based on research findings

these refer to description of studies written by the researchers themselves

these are description of studies written by someone else, other than the researchers who conducted them.

wrongful use of idea or language of another author and representing them as if they are your original work

TYPE OF PLAGIARISM: the use of another author's exact words without citing him/her

TYPE OF PLAGIARISM: the author citied the source but he just paraphrased anothers words by changing sentence construction or word choice

TYPE OF PLAGIARISM: presenting another's ideas as if they are your own without giving the owner credit

TYPE OF PLAGIARISM: turning a replication of another's work. submitting a paper that you got off the internet or from a friend and presenting it as your own

TYPE OF PLAGIARISM: refers to the use of one's previous work for a separate assignment or requirement. Although ideas and words are owned by the author, receiving two credits for a single output is considered cheating

illustrates the structure or blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher formulate relevant research questions.

commonly used for studies that anchor on time tested theories that relate the findings of the investigation to the underpinning relevant theory of knowledge.

refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically support the study. It is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that the researcher plans to study.

a statement of the researcher’s prediction about relationships between or among the variables under investigation.

TYPE OF HYPOTHESIS: one independent and one dependent variable

TYPE OF HYPOTHESIS: more than one independent variables and more than one dependent variables

TYPE OF HYPOTHESIS: no relationship exists between the independent and dependent variable.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS: relationship exists between the dependent and independent variable.

TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: explicates the direction of the relationship

TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: direction of that relationship or difference is not explicated

In a research study, concepts or variables need to be defined based on how they will be used in the study because a definition from the dictionary will usually not suffice.

TYPES OF DEFINITION: is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia.

TYPES OF DEFINITION: is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study.

Qualities of a Good Inquirer

Types of Non-Experimental Research

The 2 types of SURVEY RESEARCH