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Identify what the finding in this image is

Atrial septal defect ASD (correct)

Ventricular septal defect VSD

AVSD

identify the findings in these images in order a. muscular defect b. large VSD c. Perimembranous

b c a (correct)

a b c

c b a

c a b

Which transducer should be used for scrotal ultrasound?

7.5 to 14 MHz linear array transducer (correct)

14 to 20 MHz linear array transducer

3 to 7 MHz linear array transducer

20 to 30 MHz linear array transducer

In what position should the patient be scanned during scrotal ultrasound?

Supine position Signup and view all the answers

How should the scrotum be scanned?

In sagittal and transverse planes Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for very superficial masses or skin lesions during scrotal ultrasound?

Use a standoff pad Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the patient to direct the scan to the mass during scrotal ultrasound?

To ensure accurate identification of the mass Signup and view all the answers

What separates the scrotum into two hemiscrota?

A thin septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential space formed by the two layers of the tunica vaginalis called?

Cavum vaginale Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the head of the epididymis to the cranial end of the testis?

Sinus of the epididymis Signup and view all the answers

During fetal development, what is the communication between the cavum vaginale and the peritoneal cavity called?

Processus vaginalis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the processus vaginalis after birth?

It becomes a fibrous cord Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if the processus vaginalis does not obliterate after birth?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Where is the epididymis usually located in relation to the testicle?

Posterior Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the epididymis is sonographically well defined?

Head (globus major) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best approach to visualize the epididymis?

Longitudinal then transverse scan Signup and view all the answers

Which artery can cause refractive shadowing that may be mistaken for an intratesticular lesion?

Transtesticular artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cremasteric muscle?

To regulate temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which artery has a higher resistance waveform than the testicular artery?

Deferential artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal ultrasound appearance of the testis?

Measure about 4x2.5x2.5 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the mediastinum testis?

A normal structure in the testicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential space that exists between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis?

Tunica vaginalis Signup and view all the answers

Which category of scrotal pathology is more likely to be malignant?

Intra-testicular Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of blood in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis?

Hematocele Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of pus in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis?

Pyocele Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hematocele?

Trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pyocele?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which condition typically has a more complicated appearance than a simple hydrocele?

Hematocele Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key aspects of scanning a patient with a hydrocele?

Palpating the testis Signup and view all the answers

Why can a hydrocele prevent the clinician from palpating the testis?

It obstructs the view Signup and view all the answers

What condition can cause a pyocele?

Epididymitis Signup and view all the answers

Who is relied upon to determine whether the testes are normal or not in the case of a hydrocele?

The radiologist Signup and view all the answers