2M03 Midterm I and II
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Questions and Answers

Mendel's Independently Assortment Law applies to

  • the genes that are on the same chromosome
  • the genes that are on the different chromosome
  • Both A and B (correct)
  • Neither A nor B

    • Which of the following refers to chromosome?

  • The units of inheritance
  • The collective body of genetic information in an organism
  • Carriers of genetic information (correct)
  • All of the above are correct

    • Which of the following statement regarding alleles is correct?

  • Each trait is controlled by two forms of a gene called alleles (correct)
  • Alleles are always non-identical
  • The recessive allele masks the dominant allele
  • All of the above are correct

    • Which of the following is a DNA nucleoside?

    <p>thymine and deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I and Type II genetic diseases are distinguished based upon

    <p>whether coding region or non-coding region has been affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bonds that hold DNA sugar and phosphates are linked by together are known as

    <p>3', 5'- phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are studying two strands of DNA. They have exactly the same length, but the first one has a very high G + C/A + T ratio of 3.4. The second DNA strand has a more moderate G + C/A + T ratio of 2.3. Which of the two strands will have the highest binding affinity and why? (not sure)

    <p>the first strand because it contains more hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    describe the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

    <p>mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a messenger that encodes the information needed to build proteins. tRNA is a small, folded RNA molecule with a specific amino acid attached to one end and an anticodon on the other end. It acts as an adapter molecule during protein synthesis, bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please describe the process of transcription and translation, and the components of transcription bubble

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    the mechanism of transposition in the bacteria and virus

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    procedures involving the initiation of transcription in bacteria cells

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    describe the process of transposition and the difference between transposon and retrotransposon

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    Which type of enzyme makes a transient break in both DNA duplex strands and then transports another segment of a DNA molecule (or separate molecule entirely) through the break and reseals the severed strands?

    <p>Type II topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the change in the ability of DNA to absorb UV light when it is denatured?

    <p>In denatured DNA, DNA double helix is disrupted, which causes the exposure of the bases and thus increases their absorbance of UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes there are on human genome?

    <p>20,000 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following isoform is unstable and forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Minisatellite DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct as the polyploidization mechanism?

    <p>A single-celled embryo duplicates its chromosomes, but they are not separated into separate cells and remain in a single cell that develops into a viable embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes gene duplication?

    <p>Unequal crossing over between misaligned homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about recombination is correct?

    <p>Percentage of recombination between different pairs of genes is constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA sequences in bacteria that moved from one place in the genome to another are called

    <p>transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template ?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is required for the movement of transposable elements that involve an RNA intermediate in virus?

    <p>reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ recognizes other molecules, provide structural support, and catalyzes the chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to one another

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ plays a role in allowing chromosomes to fit within the cell nucleus.

    <p>Negative supercoiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a conclusion in Mendel' independent assortment law?

    <p>Genes controlling different traits segregate independently of each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many residues are there in one full turn of the double helix

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is correct about chromosome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maternal chromosomes can exchange pieces by

    <p>crossing over and genetic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct regarding polytene chromosomes?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following isoforms has faster rate of renaturation given the same concentration?

    <p>Plasmid DNA (with smaller genome size)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linkage group refers to

    <p>genes on the same chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following process is involved in fluorescence in situ hybridization?

    <p>DNA denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The position of genes along the chromosome is

    <p>Loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two DNA chains are held together by ____ between each base

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ change the supercoiled state by creating a transient break in one strand of the duplex

    <p>Type II topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Huntington's disease (HD) results from

    <p>≥ 36 glutamine repeats in the Huntington gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Underwound DNA is , and overwound DNA is

    <p>negatively supercoiled; positively supercoiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DNA double helix is ___ wide

    <p>2 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is NOT the importance of the Watson-Crick Proposal?

    <p>The creation of mutations in human genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a DNA nucleoside?

    <p>thymine and deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain is catalyzed by the protein kinase which is

    <p>TFIIH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    5S rRNA

    <p>transcription requires an internal promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds to TATA box during the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes?

    <p>TFIID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the growth of newly synthesized RNA chain during transcription?

    <p>5'-to-3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eukaryotic mRNAs modification at 5' end?

    <p>guanosine cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is intervening sequence?

    <p>The sequence that eukaryotic genes contain and are missing from mature mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a bacterial promoter?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the feature of split gene?

    <p>The presence of genes containing intervening sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the similarities and differences between hnRNA and mRNA

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    Describe the procedures involving the initiation of transcription in bacteria cells

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    Describe the synthesis and processing of rRNAs (including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, 28S)

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    Please describe the initiation process of protein synthesis (the detailed procedures/enzymes involved)

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    Please describe the initiation of transcription in eukaryotic cells

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    Which of the following is the characteristic(s) of hnRNA?

    <p>hnRNAs are degraded after a very short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TATA box is located

    <p>upstream from the initiation site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs during the process of RNA splicing?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribozyme is

    <p>RNA enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the property(s) of Genetic Code?

    <p>They are degenerate so that some of the amino acids are specified by more than one codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following encode the same amino acid as AUC?

    <p>AUA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the modification(s) on pre-rRNA?

    <p>pseudouridine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are responsible for transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

    <p>DNA-dependent RNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Processing of pre-rRNA is helped by

    <p>small, nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are _____ of RNA polymerases in prokaryotes

    <p>one type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TBP is a subunit of

    <p>TFIID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DNA sequences encoding rRNAs are clustered in the _____, where ribosomes are produced

    <p>nucleoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are required to translate information in the genetic code into amino acids.

    <p>tRNA, mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the enzymatic activity of RNA polymerase

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spliceosome

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of RNA interference?

    <p>the degradation of target mRNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNAi is produced when

    <p>a double-stranded RNA shares the same sequence as the target mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is correct about tRNAs?

    <p>The secondary structure of tRNA resembles a cloverleaf, while the tertiary structure is an L shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic codes, the first two codon bases for a particular amino acid are _____ and the third base may ____

    <p>invariant; vary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    18S rRNA is transcribed by

    <p>RNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wobble hypothesis suggests that

    <p>a tRNA can recognize codons with variable third bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    dsRNA is cleaved into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by an enzyme called

    <p>Dicer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    tRNA genes

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sequence most commonly found at the boundary between exon-intron boundaries is at the 5' end and at the 3' end

    <p>G/GU; AG/G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The is where the RNA polymerase binds prior to initiating transcription

    <p>promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ transcription has a "Christmas tree" pattern

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA polymerase II is assisted by to form the preinitiation complex (PIC)

    <p>general transcription factors (GTFs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the differences between 5S rRNA and larger rRNA in terms of gene location and transcription

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    Please describe the mechanism of RNAi

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