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Operating System Security Feature

• Prevents applications from accessing and executing code from non-executable memory regions, enhancing security by limiting malicious code execution.

HTTP Response Header to Disable JavaScript Execution

• Content-Security-Policy header can be used to disable both inline JavaScript execution and the execution of eval()-type functions, restricting potentially harmful code execution.

Assessment Report Section for Vulnerabilities

• The Vulnerabilities, Weaknesses, and Gaps section of the assessment report focuses on individual vulnerabilities, weaknesses, and potential points of compromise within the system.

Privileged Account Discovery in Access Review

• Implement continuous monitoring of privileged accounts to detect unauthorized creation or changes, going beyond quarterly reviews to actively monitor for suspicious activity.

Recovery Point Objective (RPO)

• Identifies the maximum acceptable data loss during an outage, representing the amount of data that can be lost before impacting business operations.

Endpoint Security Feature for Virus Protection

• Enabling Data Execution Prevention (DEP) on all endpoints prevents malicious code from executing in memory locations, effectively mitigating the threat of destructive viruses targeting specific memory locations.

Secure Control Mechanism for Remote IT Employee

• Implement a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to establish a secure and encrypted connection between the IT employee's device and the organization's resources, regardless of their location.

Geographic Data Storage Term in the Cloud

• Data Sovereignty refers to the geographic location where data is stored within the cloud infrastructure, impacting legal and regulatory compliance.

Private Web Browsing

• Utilizing a Tor browser provides the best level of privacy while browsing the web, as it encrypts traffic and routes it through multiple servers to mask the user's identity and location.

Firewall Type Examining "Handshaking"

• A stateful firewall examines the initial connection establishment (handshaking) between packets before forwarding traffic, enhancing security by analyzing communication patterns.

Implementing Automated Account Reconciliation

• Up-to-date user profiles with accurate roles and permissions are essential for automated account reconciliation to function with minimal errors and maximum effectiveness.

Change Management Components

• Change management includes the processes, procedures, and documentation for evaluating, approving, and implementing changes to IT systems, ensuring stability and security.

Web Application Threat Monitoring and Response Technology

• Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) monitor and proactively respond to potential threats targeting web applications by filtering malicious traffic and blocking attacks.

Web Application Test Type: Username Field Character Limit

• Fuzzing tests are used to identify vulnerabilities by providing unexpected or invalid inputs, such as exceeding the character limit in a field, to highlight potential weaknesses.

Developing an Information Security Budget

• The information security budget should be aligned with the organization's overall risk appetite, security strategy, and compliance requirements to ensure adequate investment in security controls and initiatives.

Security Principle at Risk with WEP and Digital Signatures

• Confidentiality, the protection of sensitive information from unauthorized access, is at risk due to the inherent weaknesses of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol and its susceptibility to attacks, potentially compromising the authenticity and integrity of digitally-signed emails sent over a network protected by WEP.

Common Big Data Component

• Variety refers to the diverse range of data sources and formats, encompassing both structured and unstructured data, and is a core component of handling and analyzing big data.

Action to Confidence in DevOps Changes

• Automated testing is crucial in DevOps environments to ensure the quality and reliability of code changes, providing confidence in the overall system stability and security.

Third-Party Federated Identity Service Truth

• Sign-on credentials are stored and managed centrally by the third-party service, simplifying user login and minimizing potential for credential compromise.

Computer Forensics Steps

• The process of Collecting Evidence from the digital system, Preserving Evidence to maintain its integrity, Analyzing Evidence to identify relevant data, and Reporting Evidence to document findings are the key steps in computer forensics.

Off-Site Storage Benefit

• Disaster recovery and business continuity are primary benefits of off-site storage, enabling organizations to maintain critical data availability and operational resilience in the event of a disaster affecting the primary site.

Disaster Recovery Plan Testing with Highest Risk

• Full-scale, live testing involves simulating a real disaster and fully restoring operations, posing the highest operational risk due to disruptions and potential system instability during the test.

Employee Role Change Trigger

• Re-evaluate access rights and permissions for the employee based on their new role to ensure they have appropriate access to sensitive information and resources.

Business Continuity Planning Objective

• The primary objective is to minimize the impact of disruptions to critical business operations by maintaining essential functions and ensuring business continuity in the face of unforeseen events.

Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Product Risk

• Vendor dependencies are a significant risk, as organizations relying on COTS products become dependent on the vendor for support, updates, and security patches, potentially impacting flexibility and control over operations.

First Step in Defining Cyber-Security Program

• Develop a comprehensive security policy based on industry standards like NIST Cybersecurity Framework, ISO 27001, or others, to establish a foundation for the program's principles, goals, and guidelines.

Security Operations Responsibilities for Violations

• Security operations are responsible for handling and reporting violations and incidents, monitoring and analyzing security data, responding to security threats, and conducting security investigations, ensuring the organization's cybersecurity resilience.

Preventing Multiple User Access to a Single Account

• Implement multi-factor authentication, requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification before accessing the account, preventing unauthorized access by others.

Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) Elements

• Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) elements include:
  • Plan Development for outlining recovery procedures.
  • Recovery Strategies for restoring critical functions.
  • Testing and Training to ensure plan effectiveness.
  • Communication Plan for informing stakeholders.
  • Documentations and Procedures for detailed steps.

Ensuring Transaction Integrity

• Digital signatures provide a secure method to verify the sender's identity, authenticity, and integrity of transactions, ensuring data reaches the intended recipient unaltered.

Preventing Open Source Component Exploitation

• Regularly update and patch open-source software used in web applications to address known vulnerabilities, proactively preventing exploitation by attackers.

Secure Shell Fact

• Secure Shell (SSH) provides encrypted communication between client and server, enhancing confidentiality and integrity of data exchanged over the network.

Database Attack to Access Confidential Data

• A SQL injection attack could exploit vulnerabilities in a database system, enabling unauthorized access to sensitive customer service employee access to confidential quarterly sales data.

Framework for Vulnerability Metrics

• Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) provides a framework for vulnerability metrics and characteristics, supporting the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) to facilitate coordinated vulnerability management.

VoIP MITM Attack Mitigation

• End-to-end encryption, encompassing the entire VoIP communication pathway, helps mitigate man-in-the-middle attacks by ensuring data is encrypted even while passing through intermediate servers, preventing eavesdropping.

Object-Oriented Programming Defense-in-Depth Principle

• Data hiding through encapsulation prevents direct access to sensitive data objects, contributing to defense-in-depth by limiting the impact of potential security breaches.

Document Specifying Services from Client Viewpoint

• Service Level Agreements (SLAs) outline the specific services provided, their performance metrics, and responsibilities from the client's perspective, defining expectations and ensuring delivery.

SOC Report Type for Security Controls around Availability

• SOC 2 Type II report demonstrates the effectiveness of controls designed to ensure availability and security of a SaaS application over a specific timeframe, providing credible evidence for external parties.

OSI Layer Corresponding to TCP/IP's Network Access Layer

• Data Link Layer (Layer 2) in the OSI model corresponds to the Network Access Layer (Layer 1) in TCP/IP, focusing on physical networking components and frame transmission protocols.

Cloud Service Offering Description

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model describes the service where the third-party provider handles all aspects of the service, including security controls, while the client solely provides the data.

Audit Standard for Vendor Information Systems

• ISO 27001 provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and assessing a vendor's Information Systems (IS) in relation to confidentiality, integrity, and availability, ensuring compliance and security best practices.

HDD Destruction Technique

• Degaussing is the most appropriate technique for destroying magnetic platter style hard disk drives (HDD) containing HIGH security data, as it uses a strong magnetic field to erase all data permanently.

Security Measure Categorization

• Employee training, risk management, and data handling procedures and policies are considered administrative security measures as they focus on organizational policies, procedures, and personnel training to enhance security.

SOC Report Type for 12-Month Security and Availability Outline

• SOC 2 Type II report provides a comprehensive assessment of the security and availability of a particular system over a 12-month period, outlining controls and operational effectiveness.

Endpoint Security and OS Version Verification Solution

• Endpoint Security Software offers the best solution to verify endpoint security protections and operating system (OS) versions, providing ongoing monitoring, vulnerability scanning, and security enforcement across devices.

Employee Reporting Suspicious Behavior

• The employee's report is most likely the result of Security Awareness Training, where individuals have been educated on recognizing and reporting suspicious activities, fostering a proactive security culture.

Tamper Seal Purpose on Computer System

• The primary purpose is to detect unauthorized access or tampering with the computer system's internal components, providing visual evidence if the seal is broken.

GDPR Data Protection Method

• Data Minimization is considered the best method for achieving GDPR compliance by minimizing the collection and storage of personal data, reducing potential risks and ensuring compliance with data protection principles.

Digital Forensic Process Order

• Identification, Preservation, Collection, Examination, Analysis, Reporting represents the typical order followed in a digital forensic investigation, ensuring evidence is collected, preserved, and examined judiciously before reporting findings.

Security Benefit of SDN Compared to Traditional Network

• Centralized control and programmability are key security benefits of Software Defined Networking (SDN) compared to traditional network architectures, enabling more granular and dynamic control over network security policies and configuration.

Mandatory (ISC)² Code of Ethics Canons

• The mandatory canons are Protect Society, Act Honorably, and Adhere to Professional Standards, serving as the foundation for ethical conduct and professional responsibility.

Key Management Problem Due to Key Quantity

• Key management complexity arises due to the sheer number of keys generated and managed, making tasks like storage, distribution, and revocation challenging.

Report to Review for Third-Party Risk Assessment

• Service Organization Control (SOC) 2 Type II report provides a comprehensive assessment of a supplier's security controls, including operational effectiveness, validating security, availability, confidentiality, and privacy trust principles.

Ensuring Graceful Handling of Invalid Input

• Input Validation is the most effective method to ensure systems and subsystems handle invalid input gracefully by verifying and sanitizing user input before processing, preventing vulnerabilities and errors.

Traffic Flow Determination Based on Infrastructure Status

• Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) analyzes network traffic patterns and identifies potential malicious activity, providing alerts and triggering security responses based on the detected anomalies.

(ISC)² Code of Ethics Canon Reflected in Preserving Value

• The canon of Protect Society is most closely aligned with preserving the value of systems, applications, and entrusted information, as it emphasizes responsible use of technology and preventing harm to individuals or society.

Solution for Network Breach Discovery

• Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is the most effective solution for discovering successful network breaches by aggregating security logs and events, providing real-time threat detection and incident response capabilities.

Technique for Evaluating Network Architecture Security Design

• Security Architecture Reviews involve assessing design principles, security controls, and vulnerabilities in network and software architectures to identify potential risks and weaknesses.

Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD) Formula

• MTD = RTO + RPO where;
  • RTO (Recovery Time Objective) is the maximum allowable downtime for a critical system or function before substantial impact.
  • RPO (Recovery Point Objective) is the maximum acceptable data loss during an outage.

Two-Factor Authentication Solution

• Hardware-based authentication token such as a dedicated USB key or a mobile app generates unique time-based codes, offering the most secure two-factor authentication method.

First Step in Audit Preparation

• Define the scope and objectives of the security audit, clearly outlining the systems, applications, and processes to be examined and the specific vulnerabilities to be assessed.

Attacker Maintaining Indefinite Web Service Access

• Session hijacking enables attackers to exploit vulnerabilities to steal a valid session ID, allowing them to maintain access to a web service indefinitely without re-authenticating.

Attack Compromising Data Integrity During Transmission

• Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks intercept communication between two parties during data transmission, allowing attackers to modify data and compromise its integrity and confidentiality.

Addressing Weak Mobile Device Access Controls

• Implementing Mobile Device Management (MDM) provides a centralized platform for controlling access to company information, enabling policies for device security, data encryption, and access restrictions.

Addressing Security Assessment During Software Acquisition

• Security requirements must be clearly defined and documented, forming the basis for selecting secure software and ensuring compliance with security standards throughout the acquisition process.

SIEM System Administrator Responsibility

• The administrator must ensure the SIEM system is effectively configured and maintained, accurately collecting and analyzing security events, providing timely alerts and reporting for effective threat detection and response.

System Allowing Access to Multiple Servers

• Single Sign-On (SSO) allows users to authenticate once and access multiple related servers and applications using a single set of credentials, streamlining user experience and improving security.

Authentication System Prompting for Different Response

• Challenge-Response Authentication prompts users for different responses each time they log on, enhancing security by requiring dynamic authentication factors and preventing replay attacks.

Difficulty Enforcing Criminal Law in Cybercrime

• Jurisdictional limitations, as cybercrime often transcends national boundaries, making it difficult to establish clear jurisdiction and enforce laws across different countries.

Security Metrics Characteristics

• Measurable, Relevant, Actionable, and Timely are key characteristics of effective security metrics, enabling organizations to track progress, identify trends, and make informed security-related decisions.

Identifying Software Acquisition Risk Phase

• Requirements and Planning phase is the best stage to identify risks associated with software acquisition strategies, as it defines the security requirements and evaluates potential vendors and products.

Incident Triggered by SIEM

• Suspicious user activities, unusual network traffic patterns, and anomalies in system logs are events that would be considered incidents if reported by a SIEM, triggering further investigation and potential security response.

Biometric Value for Access Control Adjustment

• Threshold is the biometric value used to regulate access control, adjusting to minimize errors by finding a balance between granting access to legitimate users and preventing access to unauthorized individuals.

Spyware Description

• Spyware refers to software secretly installed on a device to monitor user activity, collect personal data, or control system behavior without explicit consent.

Assumption When Customs Examines Computer

• Assume all data on the computer may be accessed and potentially copied, as customs officials have legal authority to search and seize devices during international travel, regardless of personal data privacy concerns.

Logical Access Control Initial Components

• Identification is the first stage, establishing user identity through username, account ID, or other credentials.
• Authentication verifies the user's identity by comparing provided credentials against stored records to ensure legitimacy.

Security Assessment Plan Purpose

• Identify potential vulnerabilities in a system, network, or application, prioritize risks, and provide recommendations for mitigating those threats to improve overall security.

BIA Purpose

• A business impact analysis (BIA) identifies the potential impact of disruptions to business operations, prioritizes critical functions, estimates financial losses, and helps determine the recovery strategies necessary to minimize business disruptions.

Data Owner Requirement Before Retention Policy

• Define the data classification and sensitivity levels are the first requirement, understanding the value and importance of the data before creating a retention policy to ensure appropriate storage and disposition practices.

ISCM Strategy First Step

• Identify and assess information security risks is the foundational step in developing an ISCM strategy, as it sets the stage for addressing potential vulnerabilities and threats, driving the program's overall direction.

CPS Security Practitioner's First Consideration

• Data Security and Integrity is the primary consideration when designing a Cyber-Physical System (CPS), addressing how to protect data from manipulation or unauthorized access, ensuring the system's reliability and safety.

Network Architecture for Mobile Device Risk Mitigation

• Network Segmentation is a key feature in reducing corporate risks associated with mobile devices as it isolates private network segments and limits the potential impact of breaches.

Mantrap Outer Door Design Feature

• One-way locking mechanism ensuring the outer door cannot be opened from the inside while the inner door is unlocked is a critical design feature of a mantrap to prevent individuals from entering or exiting unauthorizedly.

Expectation When Reviewing Security Test Results

• Objectivity is vital when reviewing security test results, emphasizing a critical evaluation of findings and avoiding confirmation bias to ensure a fair assessment.

Software Security Testing Goal

• Identify security vulnerabilities and weaknesses in software applications, ensuring their security, reliability, and resilience against attacks.

Information Asset Accuracy Statement

• Any item of value is a broad and accurate statement regarding information assets, recognizing that any item with value, whether tangible or intangible, can be considered an asset and subject to security considerations.

Implementing MFA on Customer-Facing Application

• Utilizing one-time passwords (OTPs) generated by a mobile app or hardware token is the best option for implementing MFA on a customer-facing application, as it requires a unique, time-sensitive code in addition to the username and password.