Untitled Quiz

The genetic makeup of an individual, determined by the presence of sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male).

The development of the gonads (testes or ovaries) based on the chromosomal sex.

The physical characteristics of an individual that correspond to their sex, including external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics.

A condition in female cattle twins where the female calf is infertile due to exposure to male hormones (AMH) from the male twin.

Hormone produced by the testes of a male fetus that inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract.

Structures in the female fetus that develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix.

Structures in the male fetus that develop into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.

An individual that contains cells from two different zygotes (fertilized eggs).

A developmental condition where portions of the female reproductive tract (vagina, cervix, uterus, oviducts) fail to develop properly due to genetic mutation.

A condition where fluid accumulates in the uterus due to blockage, often caused by malformations like the absence of a cervix.

A condition where one horn of the uterus is absent, leaving a single functional horn.

A condition where the uterus is incompletely fused, resulting in two separate uterine horns and two cervical openings, often due to autosomal dominant inheritance.

A condition where the Müllerian ducts fail to completely fuse, resulting in abnormalities like a double cervix, which can affect fertility and delivery.

A congenital condition where one or both ovaries are underdeveloped, leading to reduced fertility or complete sterility.

A condition where the ovaries shrink and lose function due to lack of proper nutrients.

The absence of regular estrous cycles in a female animal, meaning she doesn't cycle regularly and is unable to become pregnant.

Reduced fertility, meaning a female animal has difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a pregnancy to term.

Physical abnormalities present at birth that can affect fertility in female cows, such as a malformed reproductive tract.

The absence of estrous cycles in a cow, meaning she doesn't show signs of heat or ovulate.

The absence of estrous cycles in a cow after calving, often due to factors like high milk production, poor nutrition, or stress.

A state where a cow is consuming less energy than she's expending, which can lead to anestrus and other health problems.

Factors like high milk production, poor nutrition, stress, infections, and the presence of a calf can all disrupt a cow's cycle after calving.

Anovulatory follicles that persist for a long time, larger than normal follicles, and often over 2.0 cm in diameter. They lack a functional corpus luteum and are prevalent in about 10% of dairy cows annually.

A longer than normal period between calving events, potentially caused by cystic ovarian follicles or other issues.

A condition where a dominant follicle persists for an extended period without ovulating, leading to high levels of estrogen and inhibin.

The surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that triggers ovulation. In follicular cysts, this surge is absent or insufficient.

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis has reduced sensitivity to estrogen feedback, leading to a lack of ovulation.

The formation of a fluid-filled sac in the ovary, typically thin-walled and consisting of single or multiple structures.

Improved reproductive performance in cows after exposure to a bull, likely due to changes in hormonal profiles and behavioral responses.

A device used to release progestins in cows to synchronize estrus and improve reproductive efficiency.

A cyst formed from a follicle where some granulosa cells luteinize, but E2 levels remain low.

A cyst from a follicle that fails to ovulate. It can be dominant (high E2) or non-dominant (low E2).

Theca and granulosa cells within the cyst undergo luteinization, similar to what happens in the CL.

A luteal cyst secretes varying levels of P4, unlike a normal, healthy CL, which has consistent levels of P4.

Differentiating a follicular cyst from a luteal cyst can be difficult, even with transrectal exams.

Ultrasound can distinguish between follicular and luteal cysts with better accuracy (around 90%), based on wall thickness.

To induce increased P4 secretion, decrease LH pulsatility, and sensitize the hypothalamus to E2.

GnRH induces luteinization of the dominant cyst. PGF then induces atresia and the development of a new ovulatory follicle.