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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using a Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) in postpartum cows?
What is the primary purpose of using a Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) in postpartum cows?
Which of the following is NOT considered a potential outcome of cystic ovarian follicles?
Which of the following is NOT considered a potential outcome of cystic ovarian follicles?
What is one of the primary factors leading to the development of follicular cysts in cows?
What is one of the primary factors leading to the development of follicular cysts in cows?
How is the prevalence of cystic ovarian follicles described in dairy cows?
How is the prevalence of cystic ovarian follicles described in dairy cows?
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What effect does a low progesterone (P4) level environment have on oocyte viability?
What effect does a low progesterone (P4) level environment have on oocyte viability?
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Which statement about the follicular cysts is accurate?
Which statement about the follicular cysts is accurate?
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What commonly leads to decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamus to estrogen (E2) in cows?
What commonly leads to decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamus to estrogen (E2) in cows?
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What is the role of biosecurity in an appropriate herd health program?
What is the role of biosecurity in an appropriate herd health program?
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Which type of ovarian cyst does NOT respond to GnRH for luteinization?
Which type of ovarian cyst does NOT respond to GnRH for luteinization?
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What is one of the characteristics of cows with ovarian cysts?
What is one of the characteristics of cows with ovarian cysts?
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What is the role of progesterone (P4) in the treatment of ovarian cysts?
What is the role of progesterone (P4) in the treatment of ovarian cysts?
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During the diagnosis of ovarian cysts, which method offers a 90% accuracy in differentiating between follicular and luteal cysts?
During the diagnosis of ovarian cysts, which method offers a 90% accuracy in differentiating between follicular and luteal cysts?
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What is the primary objective of treating ovarian cysts?
What is the primary objective of treating ovarian cysts?
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What factor impacts the pulsatile secretion of LH in the context of cystic ovarian disease?
What factor impacts the pulsatile secretion of LH in the context of cystic ovarian disease?
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What thickness in the cyst wall is indicative of a luteal cyst during ultrasound examination?
What thickness in the cyst wall is indicative of a luteal cyst during ultrasound examination?
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What is the most common congenital defect of the bovine reproductive system?
What is the most common congenital defect of the bovine reproductive system?
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Which factor directly contributes to delaying cyclicity in high-yielding dairy herds?
Which factor directly contributes to delaying cyclicity in high-yielding dairy herds?
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What is a common misdiagnosis related to ovarian cysts noted in the context of transrectal examination?
What is a common misdiagnosis related to ovarian cysts noted in the context of transrectal examination?
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What is a direct consequence of negative energy balance on reproductive hormone release?
What is a direct consequence of negative energy balance on reproductive hormone release?
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Which condition does NOT contribute to anestrus in heifers?
Which condition does NOT contribute to anestrus in heifers?
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How does the presence of a calf affect reproductive hormone secretion?
How does the presence of a calf affect reproductive hormone secretion?
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Which of the following is associated with the postpartum period's first follicular wave emergence?
Which of the following is associated with the postpartum period's first follicular wave emergence?
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What is a recommended method to prevent and control postpartum anestrus?
What is a recommended method to prevent and control postpartum anestrus?
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Which of the following problems is most likely caused by metabolic diseases in heifers?
Which of the following problems is most likely caused by metabolic diseases in heifers?
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What is a characteristic feature of Freemartinism?
What is a characteristic feature of Freemartinism?
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Which condition is associated with the term 'White Heifers Disease'?
Which condition is associated with the term 'White Heifers Disease'?
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What is the most distinguishing feature of Incomplete Fusion of the Müllerian Ducts?
What is the most distinguishing feature of Incomplete Fusion of the Müllerian Ducts?
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What diagnostic procedure can be used to identify blood cells containing Y chromosomes in Freemartinism?
What diagnostic procedure can be used to identify blood cells containing Y chromosomes in Freemartinism?
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What is the primary cause of difficulty in passing an AI pipette in patients with Incomplete Fusion of the Müllerian Ducts?
What is the primary cause of difficulty in passing an AI pipette in patients with Incomplete Fusion of the Müllerian Ducts?
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What is the likely reproductive tract status in congenital bilateral ovarian hypoplasia?
What is the likely reproductive tract status in congenital bilateral ovarian hypoplasia?
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What condition can be misdiagnosed as pregnancy due to similar symptoms?
What condition can be misdiagnosed as pregnancy due to similar symptoms?
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What represents a common misconception about the diagnosis of Segmental Aplasia of the Müllerian Ducts?
What represents a common misconception about the diagnosis of Segmental Aplasia of the Müllerian Ducts?
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What is the primary cause of Freemartinism in cattle?
What is the primary cause of Freemartinism in cattle?
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Which hormone is responsible for inhibiting the development of the Müllerian ducts in female fetuses during Freemartinism?
Which hormone is responsible for inhibiting the development of the Müllerian ducts in female fetuses during Freemartinism?
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Which of the following describes a common clinical finding in Freemartin calves?
Which of the following describes a common clinical finding in Freemartin calves?
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How does the presence of two cell types in a freemartin calf occur?
How does the presence of two cell types in a freemartin calf occur?
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What mechanism leads to the abnormal development of the reproductive tract in Freemartin calves?
What mechanism leads to the abnormal development of the reproductive tract in Freemartin calves?
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What is a typical diagnostic tool used to assess the internal reproductive tract of a Freemartin calf?
What is a typical diagnostic tool used to assess the internal reproductive tract of a Freemartin calf?
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What is the gestational age range when the fusion of chorio-allantoic portions of twin placentas typically occurs in Freemartinism?
What is the gestational age range when the fusion of chorio-allantoic portions of twin placentas typically occurs in Freemartinism?
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Which best describes the chromosomal makeup of a Freemartin calf?
Which best describes the chromosomal makeup of a Freemartin calf?
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Study Notes
Non-infectious Infertility in Cattle
- This presentation covers non-infectious infertility in cattle, focusing on congenital and acquired conditions.
- Key learning objectives include understanding differences in sex determination (chromosomal, gonadal, phenotypic), congenital reproductive defects (e.g., freemartinism), neuroendocrine mechanisms of ovarian cyclicity, causes and pathophysiology of anestrus and ovarian cysts, differentiating follicular and luteal cysts, and strategies for prevention and treatment.
Sexual Differentiation
- Chromosomal Sex: XX (female) and XY (male) determine initial sex.
- Gonadal Sex: Develops ovaries in females and testes in males.
- Phenotypic Sex: The physical expression of sex based on the development of internal and external genitalia.
Freemartinism
- Occurs in 92% of heterosexual twin births.
- Results from the fusion of chorio-allantoic portions of the twin placentas (occurring 28-30 days post-conception).
- Common blood supply between the twin fetuses causes the exchange of humoral and cellular elements.
- Freemartin calves are "chimeras" with 60 chromosomes (58+2).
- Shows reduced development of Müllerian ducts, resulting in a small genital tract, hypoplastic ovaries, a short vagina, and absent cervix.
- Increased development of the Wolffian ducts.
- Development of epididymides, vasa deferentia and vesicular glands.
- Diagnosis can be made by noting the history of heterosexual twin birth, appearance of external genitalia (small vulva, enlarged clitoris, anestrus), palpation or ultrasound of the internal reproductive tract, and a speculum exam finding a short vagina and absence of external cervical Os. Additionally, a vaginal probe can aid in diagnosis.
- Karyotyping and PCR are used to determine presence of XY and XX chromosomes in the same animal.
Segmental Aplasia of the Müllerian Ducts
- An autosomal recessive genetic disorder.
- Causes a lack of development of a portion of the Müllerian ducts (aplasia).
- Results in vagina, cervix, uterus and oviduct problems, e.g. hydrosalpinx, hydrometra.
- Commonly found in certain breeds.
- Misdiagnosis is possible as this condition may be mistaken for other conditions such as pregnancy, pyometra, mucometra or ovarian cysts.
Incomplete Fusion of the Müllerian Ducts
- An autosomal dominant condition causing "Uterus Didelphys".
- Characterized by the failure of complete fusion of the Müllerian ducts, mostly affecting the cervix.
- Results in double external cervical os.
- Both external openings are sometimes connected to a normal internal cervical os.
- In some cases one side ends in a blind diverticulum.
- May cause dystocia (difficult birth) if fetal parts pass through both external cervical canals, affecting fertility.
Ovarian Hypoplasia
- A congenital defect characterized by deficient morphologic and functional development of one or both ovaries.
- Ovaries are small, hard and have no palpable structures.
- Condition can be inherited.
- Can be unilateral or bilateral.
- Unilateral may not affect the entire reproductive tract causing difficulty in detection
- Bilateral may result in an undeveloped reproductive tract and a smaller pelvis
Anestrus
- Absence of estrus, ovulation and Corpus Luteum (CL) formation.
- Inhibition of GnRH and LH secretion.
- Causes may include high milk yield, undernutrition, negative energy balance, metabolic diseases (e.g., mastitis), pregnancy, presence of calf, heat stress.
Cystic Ovarian Follicles
- Anovulatory follicular structures that persist for an extended period, often larger than a normal follicle.
- Prevalence of 10% in dairy cows, compared to lesser prevalence in beef cows.
- A prolonged interval between calving is often a symptom.
- Four potential outcomes include luteinization of the follicular cysts (cyst transforms to luteal structure), cyst persistency, cyst regression and cyst turnover
Ovarian Cysts
- Diagnosis: Characterized by behavioral and physical traits, transrectal examination, and ultrasound.
- Tx: Treatment focuses on increasing P4 levels after treatment (exogenous or endogenous).
- Techniques include using GnRH and PGF or progesterone to help decrease LH pulse and induce atresia.
Take-Home Message
- Congenital and acquired conditions can lead to acyclicity or subfertility.
- Freemartinism is the most common genetic defect in cattle
- Prompt identification and treatment can help manage cases and reduce financial loss.
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