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Questions and Answers
What are the three main components of an attitude?
Which statement best describes cognitive dissonance?
What is job satisfaction primarily related to?
Which type of commitment refers to a perceived economic value of remaining with an organization?
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In the context of attitudes and behavior, what did Leon Festinger argue?
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Which of the following best describes organizational commitment?
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Which component of an attitude is characterized by feelings and emotions?
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What does job involvement refer to?
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What method involves providing a short series of general questions to evaluate job satisfaction?
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Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as directly related to job satisfaction?
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What typically happens to satisfaction levels with pay once it reaches a certain level?
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Which behavior is described as 'allowing conditions to worsen' in the context of employee attitudes?
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What impact does job satisfaction have on organizational effectiveness?
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Which approach should managers prioritize in order to improve overall job satisfaction?
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According to the content, which personality trait is linked to positive job satisfaction?
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Which method requires measuring job satisfaction through employee interviews?
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Study Notes
Attitudes
- Attitudes are evaluative statements—favorable or unfavorable—about objects, people, or events.
- They reflect how one feels about something.
- Three components:
- Cognitive: description or belief (e.g., "My pay is low.")
- Affective: emotional segment (e.g., "I am angry.")
- Behavioral: intention to behave (e.g., "I'm going to look for another job.")
- Attitudes may follow behavior (Festinger's theory). People adjust their statements to avoid contradicting actions.
- Cognitive dissonance: incompatibility between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. The effort to resolve dissonance depends on importance, influence, and rewards.
Job Attitudes
- Job satisfaction: positive feeling about one's job based on evaluation of characteristics.
- Job involvement: identification with and perceived performance impact on self-worth.
- Organizational commitment: identifying with and wishing to maintain membership in an organization. Types include affective (emotional attachment), continuance (perceived economic value of staying), and normative (moral obligation).
- Perceived organizational support (POS): belief the organization values contributions and cares about well-being.
Measuring Job Satisfaction
- Single global rating method: uses general questions about the job.
- Summation score method: identifies key elements and asks about feelings toward each. Answers are tallied for an overall score. Key elements include work itself, pay, promotion opportunities, supervision, and co-workers.
Causes of Job Satisfaction
- Interesting work (training, variety, independence, social support, control) increases satisfaction.
- Pay, beyond a certain level, doesn't significantly increase satisfaction; it's a motivator not necessarily a happiness factor.
- Positive core self-evaluation (belief in one's worth and competence) strongly influences job satisfaction.
Responses to Job Dissatisfaction
- Exit: leaving the organization.
- Voice: attempting to improve conditions.
- Loyalty: waiting for improvements.
- Neglect: allowing conditions to worsen.
Outcomes of Job Satisfaction
- Increased job performance.
- Organizational citizenship behaviors.
- Higher customer satisfaction.
- Less absenteeism.
- Lower turnover.
- Reduced workplace deviance (unions, theft, substance abuse, tardiness, etc.).
Managerial Implications
- Managers should monitor employee attitudes to anticipate problems and influence behavior.
- High pay alone is insufficient for job satisfaction; challenging and interesting work is crucial.
- Job satisfaction relates to organizational effectiveness.
Assignment
- Prepare questions on job attitudes and satisfaction.
- Interview three employees (managerial, rank-and-file, and janitorial) and assess job satisfaction using either the single global rating or summation score method.
- Due dates: September 11th (presentation preparation), September 14th (presentation).
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