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Questions and Answers

What is one benefit of adding organic matter to soil?

  • Enhances water and nutrient holding capability (correct)
  • Increases soil compaction
  • Increases soil erosion
  • Minimizes water retention
  • Which soil conservation practice helps to prevent soil compaction?

  • Regular tillage
  • Minimizing repeated heavy machinery traffic (correct)
  • Covering the soil with concrete
  • Frequent heavy machinery traffic
  • What effect does contour farming have on soil erosion?

  • It has no measurable effect on soil erosion
  • It increases water flow down slopes
  • It greatly reduces soil erosion and increases water conservation (correct)
  • It eliminates the need for any soil management
  • Which practice involves using alternating strips of crops?

    <p>Strip farming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does keeping the ground covered benefit the ecosystem?

    <p>It reduces erosion and improves habitats for organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of excessive tillage on soil?

    <p>Leads to loss of organic matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of diversifying crops?

    <p>Reduces erosion and improves biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of planting windbreaks?

    <p>To protect soil from wind erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of soil erosion?

    <p>Wearing away by wind and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of soil erosion on agriculture?

    <p>Decreased crop yields (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does contour farming help in reducing soil erosion?

    <p>By following the natural contours of the land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is designed to retain soil moisture and reduce erosion?

    <p>Terracing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental problem can be exacerbated by soil erosion?

    <p>Increased flooding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines poorly developed soil?

    <p>Young soil in high relief environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor determining farmable land?

    <p>Presence of wildlife (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

    <p>Over-farming led to soil erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of herbicides in agriculture?

    <p>To eliminate weeds that compete for nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to pesticide resistance in pest populations?

    <p>Incorporation of crop rotation practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental concern associated with the use of fertilizers?

    <p>They increase nutrient runoff into water bodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungicides primarily affect crops?

    <p>They combat parasitic fungi and prevent crop weakening. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding human health in relation to pesticide use?

    <p>Pesticide exposure can result in acute and chronic health issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines an ideal pesticide that has yet to be developed?

    <p>It is cheap, targeted, and becomes harmless quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of mechanized monoculture farming?

    <p>It increases efficiency by utilizing machines for large-scale planting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pest type would likely be targeted by insecticides?

    <p>Insects that affect crop health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common benefit of using shifting agriculture in tropical areas?

    <p>Short-term nutrient release for crop growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of monoculture farming?

    <p>It can lead to soil nutrient depletion over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Soil Conservation Practices

    Methods to protect and improve soil health, preventing erosion and maintaining fertility.

    Organic Matter in Soil

    Adding organic material like crop residues improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability.

    Prevent Soil Compaction

    Reducing heavy machinery traffic minimizes soil compaction, which improves air and water spaces in the soil, benefiting organisms.

    Contour Farming

    Planting crops across the slope of the land, creating small dams to prevent water runoff and erosion.

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    Strip Farming

    Planting different crops in alternating strips on slopes to reduce water flow and erosion.

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    Terracing

    Creating flat surfaces on steep slopes to prevent erosion, often creating steps.

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    Windbreaks

    Planting trees or shrubs to protect soil from wind erosion.

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    Diversify Crops

    Planting different types of crops to improve biodiversity, pest control, and soil health.

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    Soil Erosion

    The wearing away and transportation of soil by water, wind, or ice.

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    Dust Bowl

    A severe drought and excessive farming in the Great Plains region of the US (1930s)

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    Poorly Developed Soil

    Soil likely young and situated in high relief environments.

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    Soil Conservation

    Efforts to protect and preserve soil fertility and prevent erosion.

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    Soil Properties

    Soil structure (particle clumping shape), texture (grain size), drainage, nutrients.

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    Relief (Landform)

    The slope of the land.

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    Climate (for Farming)

    Amount and nature of rainfall, temperature, evaporation.

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    Farmable Land Factors

    Soil properties (structure, texture, drainage, nutrients), relief (slope), and climate (rainfall, temperature, evaporation).

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    Shifting Agriculture

    A farming method where vegetation in a small forest area is cut and burned to improve soil nutrients for crop growth, and then abandoned when soil nutrients are depleted. This type of farming is common in tropical regions with nutrient-poor soil; allows crops to grow for 2-3 years.

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    Labor-Intensive Agriculture

    Farming method that relies heavily on manual labor for tasks such as tilling, planting, and harvesting. Machinery usage is limited due to costs, location or needs of manual labor. Often used in areas with better-quality soils.

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    Monoculture Farming

    A farming practice of growing the same crop in the same area consistently. This often uses machines.

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    Monoculture Advantages

    Monoculture farming often results in more efficient farming practices due to the consistent nature of the crop

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    Monoculture Disadvantages

    Monoculture farming can lead to soil nutrient depletion and an increased risk of crop failure due to pests or diseases focused on a singular crop.

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    Chemical Fertilizer

    Substances that provide essential nutrients to crops but do not replace soil organic matter which is important for structure and water retention.

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    Nutrient Runoff

    The movement of excess nutrients from agricultural fields into waterways, causing increased phytoplankton growth.

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    Pesticide

    Any chemical used to kill or control unwanted organisms (pests, fungi, or animals) in crops.

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    Ideal Pesticide

    A pesticide that is cheap, targeted, breaks down quickly into harmless substances, and doesn't harm anything else.

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    Soil Nutrients

    Nutrients that are often in short supply because of a lack of replenishment to the soil from crops.

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    Study Notes

    Physical Geography: Classifying Soils, Soil Erosion and Conservation, Agricultural Methods

    • The topic is physical geography, specifically soil classification, soil erosion, conservation, and agricultural methods.
    • The dates for the course are November 18th-20th, 2024.
    • The professor is Pete Puleo.

    Soil Classification

    • Soil classification is currently categorized by Soil Taxonomy.
    • The Soil Taxonomy system includes 12 soil orders.
    • Learning objectives include describing the Soil Taxonomy system and the 12 soil orders.
    • Also included are regional soil order patterns in the US and globally.
    • Historically, soil was thought to be solely a product of weathering bedrock.
    • Vasily Dokuchaev demonstrated environmental conditions also play a role.
    • Curtis Marbut developed the US soil classification system, focusing on climate.
    • The USDA later revised this system, using more observable soil characteristics.
    • Soil horizons are distinct soil layers identified by their characteristics.

    Soil Taxonomy

    • Soil Taxonomy uses a hierarchical organization system for soil classification.
    • The hierarchy is ordered as follows: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Great Group, Family, and Series.

    Soil Orders

    • A list of the 12 soil orders: Aridisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Gelisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Histosols, Vertisols, and Andisols.

    Soil Formation Review

    • Soil formation is affected by biology, climate, and topography.
    • Energy flows through time.
    • Organic matter builds up.
    • Mobile elements are leached.
    • Clay or mineral build-up occurs.

    Soil Horizons

    • Soil horizons are distinct soil layers.
    • O-horizon: Organic layer.
    • A-horizon: Topsoil.
    • E-horizon: Eluviated zone.
    • B-horizon: Accumulation zone/Subsoil.
    • C-horizon: Parent material.
    • R-horizon: Bedrock.

    Soil Order: Aridisols (Dry)

    • Occur in arid climates.
    • Moderately developed (has a B horizon).
    • Only farmed if irrigated, commonly grazed.

    Soil Order: Mollisols (Prairie)

    • Grassland soils of temperate latitudes.
    • With thick, organic matter-rich, dark A horizon
    • Organic matter from grass.
    • B horizons can have calcium carbonate precipitate from evaporation.
    • Used to grow corn and wheat.

    Soil Order: Alfisols (Forest)

    • Temperate deciduous forest soils.
    • With thinner organic A horizons and lots of clay in B horizons.
    • Organic matter from leaves.
    • Moderatly weathered but supports farming when nutrients are added.

    Soil Order: Ultisols (Old)

    • Warmer, wetter climate soil with extensive clay in the B horizon.
    • Older, more developed, and more acidic.
    • Fertility rapidly depleted if farmed.

    Soil Order: Oxisols (Tropical)

    • Soils of the tropics, very warm and wet regions.
    • Extremely weathered with iron oxides (red color).
    • Low nutrient availability.
    • Forest is cut down, burned, and then farmed for a few years and repeated.

    Soil Order: Spodosols (Boreal)

    • Sandy soils of coniferous forest regions.
    • Form in temperate to warm climates.
    • Low clay, high oxide, and high humus B horizons and gray mineral rich E horizons.
    • Lumbering is common.
    • Agriculture is less common because of relatively high acidity.

    Soil Order: Gelisols (Frozen)

    • Soils in the highest latitude, coldest climates with permafrost.
    • Large amounts of undecomposed organic matter.
    • Permafrost feedback: warming leads to more decomposition, releasing greenhouse gases.

    Soil Order: Entisols (New)

    • New soils with no distinct horizons.
    • Not tied to a specific climate.
    • Common in areas prone to erosion and deposition (slopes, floodplains, etc.)
    • Found where parent materials greatly resist erosion.

    Soil Order: Inceptisols (Young)

    • Slightly developed soils with the beginning of a B horizon (no clays).
    • Not tied to a certain climate.
    • Common on steep slopes and where parent materials resist erosion.

    Soil Order: Histosols (Wetland)

    • Soils that are water-saturated and high in organic matter, called peat.
    • Common in wetlands which occur across many climate regimes.
    • Water saturation prevents decomposition and carbon emissions to the atmosphere.

    Soil Order: Vertisols (Shrink-Swell)

    • Soils that shrink and grow with seasonal rainfall (soil cracks).
    • Very high percentage of clay usually from parent material.
    • Exist across a range of climates.
    • Bad for construction - not a solid base.

    Soil Order: Andisols (Volcanic)

    • Soil developed on volcanic ash with weakly developed B horizons.
    • Not primarily influenced by climate.
    • High organic matter, great at retaining water.
    • Fertile and used for farming across many regions.

    Soil Orders Summary

    • Summarizes characteristics of each soil order.

    Soil Conservation Methods

    • Adding organic matter improves soil structure, enhances water and nutrient holding, protects from erosion, and supports organisms.
    • Avoiding excessive tillage minimizes loss of organic matter, protects soil surface and structure, reduces erosion, and reduces compaction.
    • Efficient pest and nutrient management reduces water and air pollution, minimizes impact to nontarget organisms, and improves long-term sustainability.
    • Various methods like contour farming, strip farming, terracing, waterways, windbreaks, and diversification help prevent soil erosion.

    Activity 1 Descriptions

    • The activity involves answering questions about soil orders in Wisconsin.

    Activity 2 Descriptions

    • The activity involves answering questions about soil erosion trends.

    Activity 3 Descriptions

    • The activity involves discussing soil conservation and pesticide use.

    Multiple Choice Practice Questions

    • Set of multiple choice questions about soil and soil conservation.

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