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Questions and Answers

What defines a cation?

An atom that has retained both protons and neutrons

An atom that has lost electrons (correct)

An atom that is neutral in charge

An atom that has gained electrons

Which statement accurately describes ionic compounds?

They can only be found in liquid form.

They are formed by the attraction of positive and negative ions. (correct)

They consist of covalently bonded molecules.

They always exist as gases at room temperature.

Which of the following substances is classified as a covalent compound?

Calcium sulfate

Carbon dioxide (correct)

Sodium chloride

Iron oxide

How do ionic compounds differ from their elemental counterparts?

Ionic compounds exhibit entirely different physical and chemical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What role do ferrous ions play in medical treatment?

They help in curing anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an atom gains electrons?

It becomes an anion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions best defines salts in a chemical context?

Salts are ionic compounds formed from the reaction of an acid and a base. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the electron arrangements of ions?

The charge on an ion is determined by its electron arrangement relative to the nearest noble gas. Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT associated with ionic compounds?

Good electrical conductors in solid form Signup and view all the answers

Which ionic compound is commonly used as a rodenticide?

Ca3P2 Signup and view all the answers

Sodium bicarbonate primarily acts to:

Create an alkaline solution to neutralize acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of potassium chloride in healthcare?

Treating hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which ionic compound is specifically mentioned as being used in inhalation therapy?

NaCl Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is used to treat metabolic alkalosis?

Ammonium chloride Signup and view all the answers

Iron sulfate is composed of which type of ions?

Iron and sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ionic compounds leads them to form crystal lattices?

Attraction between oppositely charged ions Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to restore the balance of brain neurotransmitters?

Lithium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of sodium bicarbonate in medicine?

Antacid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ferrous sulfate in medical treatment?

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is known for its use in providing contrast material for gastrointestinal radiographs?

Barium sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What type of solution is potassium permanganate primarily used for?

Skin antiseptic and cauterizing agent Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ionic compounds allows them to form crystalline structures?

Presence of crystal lattices Signup and view all the answers

Zinc oxide is primarily used as a base powder for which purpose?

Calamine lotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a cathartic?

Mercurous chloride Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ions

An atom that gains or loses an electron becomes a charged particle called an ion.
If an atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged and is known as a cation.
If an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged and is known as an anion.
Cations form when atoms lose electrons, e.g. Na+1, Ca+2.
Anions form when atoms gain electrons, e.g. Cl-, O-2, S-2.

Covalent Compounds

Examples include: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3) and Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Ionic Compounds

These are pure substances formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions.
In ionic compounds, the charge on an ion is determined by the number of electrons it needs to gain or lose in order to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Ionic compounds can be called salts or crystals.
The physical and chemical properties of ions and their elements are entirely different.

Properties of Ionic Compounds:

High melting and boiling points.
Hard and brittle in nature.
Good insulators.
Conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
Form crystalline structures called crystal lattices.

Common Examples of Ionic Compounds:

Calcium phosphide (Ca3P2) is used as a rodenticide and in fireworks.
Potassium iodine (KI) is added to table salt to prevent goiter.
Lithium nitride (Li3N) is a reducing agent.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) is used as an antacid and laxative.
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is an ingredient used in toothpaste.
Barium oxide (BaO) is used in cathode ray tubes, crown glass and catalysts.

Ionic Compounds in Healthcare

Chemical Formula	Chemical Name	Uses
NaCl	Sodium Chloride	Replenishes bodily fluid and electrolytes, treats dehydration, hemorrhage and sepsis, helps maintain blood pressure, involved in nutrient and nerve signal transmission, wound cleaning, eye drops, nasal drops, saline flush injection, inhalation to create mucous
NaHCO3	Sodium Bicarbonate	Neutralizes acidity, treats metabolic acidosis, relieves heartburn
NH4Cl	Ammonium Chloride	Acidifying agent, treats metabolic alkalosis, treats low blood chloride levels
KCl	Potassium Chloride	Treats hypokalemia, potassium is needed for proper nerve and muscle function and for balancing fluid, administered intravenously
Fe(II)SO4	Iron Sulfate	Treats iron deficiency anemia, iron helps to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin which carry oxygen throughout the body
KMnO4	Potassium Permanganate	Dilute solution helps skin conditions and cleans wounds, e.g. fungal infections, dermatitis, deep wounds, ulcers
Li2CO3	Lithium Carbonate	Treats bipolar disorder and manic depression, restores the balance of the brain's neurotransmitters, controls manic episodes, stabilizes mood

Several Salts and Their Medicinal Uses:

Name	Formula	Uses
Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking soda)	NaHCO3	Antacid
Silver Nitrate	AgNO3	Germicide and antiseptic
Stannous Fluoride	SnF2	Added to toothpaste to decrease the incidence of dental caries
Calcium Sulfate (Plaster of Paris)	(CaSO4)2.H2O	Plaster casts
Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom salts)	MgSO4.7H2O	Cathartic
Calcium Carbonate	CaCO3	Antacid
Potassium Permanganate	KMnO4	Cauterizing agent, antiseptic
Zinc Oxide	ZnO	Base powder for calamine lotion
Ferrous Sulfate	FeSO4	Prescribed for simple iron deficiency anemia
Zinc Sulfate	ZnSO4	Used to treat skin conditions such as eczema
Barium Sulfate	BaSO4	Important ingredient of a barium cocktail, provides contrast material for gastrointestinal radiographs
Mercurous Chloride (Calomel)	Hg2Cl2	Cathartic

Summary

Ions are charged particles formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
Ionic compounds are pure substances consisting of chemically bonded ions.
They form crystal lattices, which are crystalline structures.
Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions held together by ionic bonds.