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Questions and Answers

What was a significant effect of insecticide A after multiple applications?

  • It eliminated the entire fly population permanently.
  • It became more effective over time.
  • It became less effective in killing the flies. (correct)
  • It had no impact on the population of flies.

What likely caused the farmer to conclude that insecticide A was decomposing?

  • The same batch was used for all sprayings. (correct)
  • The duration of the applications was too long.
  • The weather conditions were unfavorable.
  • The flies were resistant to all types of insecticides.

What is a potential consequence of the repeated use of the same insecticide?

  • Development of resistance in the pest population. (correct)
  • Increased effectiveness in eliminating pests.
  • Lower toxicity to non-target organisms.
  • Faster decomposition of the insecticide.

Which of the following was NOT a suggested method for controlling carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Utilize renewable energy sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the farmer's primary concern regarding the fly population?

<p>The flies were affecting the health of the dairy cattle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the farmer initially attempt to manage the fly population?

<p>By spraying insecticides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does carbon dioxide (CO2) have on the earth's temperature?

<p>It contributes to heating the atmosphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the final outcome following multiple applications of insecticide A?

<p>The fly population again became large after each spraying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue suggested regarding the effectiveness of insecticide A over time?

<p>The insecticide decomposes and becomes less effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disease that humans may be more susceptible to due to the depletion of the ozone layer?

<p>Skin cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is specifically mentioned in relation to ozone depletion?

<p>Cataracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves testing the potency of insecticide over time?

<p>Comparing a fresh batch with an old batch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible alternative explanation for why insecticide A was becoming less effective?

<p>The environment around the flies changed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the stance on the influence of CFCs on the ozone layer during the international meeting in Montreal?

<p>Scientific uncertainties warrant government action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the question of CFC concentration in the year 2002, what would be the expected answer?

<p>it would remain constant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment setup, what is the purpose of using two groups of flies?

<p>To assess the effects of batch age on efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it suggested to send insecticide samples to the lab periodically?

<p>To test its strength and effectiveness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of question was posed regarding government action in relation to CFCs?

<p>Should scientific uncertainties prevent action? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suggestion of waiting for the insecticide to get older imply?

<p>Effectiveness can be tested as the insecticide ages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the correct answers regarding the questions on scientific research about CFCs?

<p>No, Yes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The beneficial role of the ozone layer mainly protects humans from which type of environmental threat?

<p>Ultraviolet rays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does the farmer suggest testing the insecticide for effectiveness?

<p>Every few months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of using the same big batch of insecticide for both groups?

<p>It could lead to the flies developing resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be indirectly caused by increased ultraviolet exposure due to ozone layer depletion?

<p>Skin cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to the formation of ozone (O3)?

<p>Ozone is formed when single oxygen molecules bond with O2 due to solar heat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is credit not given for the explanation that mentions the sun's influence in the destruction of ozone?

<p>It inaccurately suggests that the Sun primarily forms ozone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the ozone formed during thunderstorms?

<p>It is regarded as bad ozone since it forms in the troposphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sun's ultraviolet rays have on the ozone layer?

<p>They can break down existing ozone molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what environment is good ozone formed according to the information provided?

<p>In the stratosphere where it can absorb UV radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fictional representation of ozone is depicted in the text?

<p>Ozone layers are depicted as being burned by the sun. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components needed for the formation of O3?

<p>A single oxygen atom joins with an O2 molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between good ozone and bad ozone?

<p>Good ozone exists as a protective layer in the stratosphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scoring indicates a person is fit for drinking based on their health conditions?

<p>Full credit for responses: No, Yes, No (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is associated with high interest in learning about water safety?

<p>Knowing how water is tested for bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of tooth decay according to this context?

<p>Bacteria living in our mouths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the scoring codes?

<p>Full credit is zero when one response is incorrect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interest level is unrelated to water safety in the provided options?

<p>Examining oral hygiene and tooth decay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lakes and rivers typically become polluted?

<p>By people and animals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ground water helps reduce bacterial survival?

<p>It lacks adequate food for bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the settling pond in the water cleaning process?

<p>It allows larger particles like gravel and sand to sink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorine in water treatment?

<p>To kill bacteria and viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might ground water be considered cleaner than surface water sources like lakes and rivers?

<p>It is filtered by soil and rock layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a benefit of the cleaning process that involves multiple steps?

<p>It minimizes the likelihood of bacteria and toxins remaining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically NOT a reason for treating water before it is deemed safe to drink?

<p>To concentrate minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the clean quality of groundwater compared to lakes and rivers?

<p>It is less impacted by human activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Off-task behavior

Actions that are not part of the expected or planned activities

Missing

Absence from a location, task or activity

CO2 emission

Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Greenhouse effect

Trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases, causing a temperature increase

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Fossil fuel

A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms

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Insecticide A

A solution used to kill flies, used in repeated sprayings in a farm

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Fly population

The number of flies in a given area or environment

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Decomposition

The process of breaking down a substance.

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Insecticide Decomposition

The insecticide loses its effectiveness over time due to chemical breakdown.

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Insecticide Effectiveness

The ability of an insecticide to kill insects.

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Testing Insecticide Strength

Checking how much of an insecticide is needed to kill insects.

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Fresh vs. Old Insecticide

Comparing the effectiveness of new and old batches of insecticide.

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Alternative Explanation 1

The insecticide was not the problem; other factors affecting its efficacy.

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Alternative Explanation 2

environmental factors that effect insecticide effectiveness.

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Fly Resistance

Insects developing a tolerance to an insecticide over time.

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Insecticide Age

The time elapsed since the insecticide was produced.

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Ozone Formation

Ozone (O3) forms when oxygen (O2) molecules combine with single oxygen atoms (O).

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Ozone Formation Trigger

Sun's heat forces the oxygen molecules to bond and form ozone.

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Bad ozone location

Bad ozone forms in the troposphere.

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Good vs Bad ozone

Ozone formed in the troposphere is considered 'bad ozone'

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Thunderstorm ozone

Ozone produced during thunderstorms is 'bad' ozone.

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Troposphere

Lowermost layer of Earth's atmosphere.

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Stratosphere

Layer above the troposphere; contains the ozone layer.

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Ozone smell

Ozone has a distinctive, sharp smell.

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Ozone Layer's Role

The ozone layer protects humans from harmful UV rays from the sun, reducing the risk of diseases like skin cancer.

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Skin Cancer

A type of cancer caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunlight), particularly more without ozone layer protection.

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CFCs

Chemicals that can deplete the ozone layer.

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Ozone Depletion

The thinning of the ozone layer due to things like CFCs.

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Scientific Uncertainty

Doubt or lack of clarity in scientific findings.

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Montreal Meeting

An international meeting to discuss concerns about the ozone layer.

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CFC Concentration (2002)

The amount of CFCs in the atmosphere if emissions stayed at 2002 levels. It is answerable via scientific research.

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Answerable by Scientific Research

Some questions regarding ozone depletion can be answered through scientific research, while others may involve other factors

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Water Pollution Sources

Lakes and rivers can get contaminated by things like air pollution, people, animals, and garbage.

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Ground Water Purity

Groundwater is often clean because it has little food for bacteria, which prevents their growth.

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Water Cleaning Step: Settling

In water treatment, settling allows heavier particles like gravel and sand to sink to the bottom of a pond.

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Water Cleaning: Removing Impurities

Removing particles like gravel and sand to make water cleaner.

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Chlorine in Water Treatment

Chlorine is added to water to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

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Water Treatment Steps

Water treatment typically involves multiple steps, like settling, filtering, and disinfecting.

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Why is Ground Water Clean?

Ground water is often clean because it's not exposed to surface contamination and it passes through a filter of soil and rock.

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Bacteria in Water

Lack of food prevents bacteria growth in groundwater, unlike lakes and rivers

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Diabetes

A medical condition where the body struggles to regulate blood sugar.

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Diarrhea

Frequent loose bowel movements.

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HIV/AIDS

A serious viral infection that weakens the immune system.

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Water Testing

Analyzing water samples to detect bacterial contamination.

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Tooth Decay

Damage to teeth caused by bacteria and sugars.

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Study Notes

PISA Released Items - Science

  • Project Consortium includes: Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER), Netherlands National Institute for Educational Measurement (CITO), National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER, Japan), and Westat.
  • Table of contents lists various science topics. Examples: Greenhouse, Biodiversity, Buses, Cloning, Daylight, Semmelweis' Diary, Climate Change, Flies, Clothes, etc.
  • Living things need energy to survive, energy from the sun.
  • Earth's atmosphere acts like a protective blanket, regulating temperature.
  • Greenhouse effect—Earth's atmosphere has an effect similar to a greenhouse, increasing average temperature.
  • Increased carbon dioxide emissions are often cited as a primary cause of temperature rise in the 20th century.
  • A student, André, investigated a possible relationship between average Earth atmosphere temperature and carbon dioxide emission using graphs.
  • André concluded that the increase in average temperature is directly related to the increase in carbon dioxide emission, based on the graphs' increasing trends.
  • Another student, Jeanne, argued that André's conclusion was not certain because some parts of the graphs do not demonstrate a clear relationship between the two factors (temperature and carbon dioxide emission).
  • PISA assessment items on the greenhouse effect, and possible correlations of factors like carbon dioxide emissions and temperature changes.
  • Scientific articles were included and analysed
  • Topics like biodiversity, the transit of Venus, flies, and various scientific concepts were addressed.
  • A variety of different scientific topics are included in the study items.
  • The specific data, figures, analysis and conclusions of the text's scientific concepts are detailed in the study notes.

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