Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a major activity of all cells?
What is a major activity of all cells?
The generation of metabolic energy.
What do mitochondria generate energy from?
What do mitochondria generate energy from?
The breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates.
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria have numerous folds called?
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria have numerous folds called?
Cristae
Where does glycolysis occur?
Where does glycolysis occur?
What is the name of the process that produces most of the cell's energy?
What is the name of the process that produces most of the cell's energy?
What do high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 transfer through?
What do high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 transfer through?
What is the property of the inner membrane that is critical to maintaining the proton gradient?
What is the property of the inner membrane that is critical to maintaining the proton gradient?
What forms channels that allow the free diffusion of small molecules?
What forms channels that allow the free diffusion of small molecules?
How do mitochondria often position themselves?
How do mitochondria often position themselves?
What process allows the exchange of genetic material in mitochondria?
What process allows the exchange of genetic material in mitochondria?
What is crucial for the distribution of mitochondria between daughter cells during cell division?
What is crucial for the distribution of mitochondria between daughter cells during cell division?
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from bacteria living inside larger cells.
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from bacteria living inside larger cells.
What type of bacteria have genomes similar to mitochondria?
What type of bacteria have genomes similar to mitochondria?
What is the intracellular parasite that can reproduce only within eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria?
What is the intracellular parasite that can reproduce only within eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria?
What type of DNA molecules are mitochondrial genomes typically?
What type of DNA molecules are mitochondrial genomes typically?
Besides oxidative phosphorylation, what else do mitochondrial genomes encode?
Besides oxidative phosphorylation, what else do mitochondrial genomes encode?
What does the human mitochondrial genome encode?
What does the human mitochondrial genome encode?
The mitochondrial genetic code is the same as the universal code.
The mitochondrial genetic code is the same as the universal code.
How many codons are recognized by a single tRNA in the mitochondrial genetic code?
How many codons are recognized by a single tRNA in the mitochondrial genetic code?
Mitochondrial DNA can be altered by mutations.
Mitochondrial DNA can be altered by mutations.
What are almost all the mitochondria of fertilized eggs contributed by?
What are almost all the mitochondria of fertilized eggs contributed by?
What disease is caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes that encode components of the electron transport chain?
What disease is caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes that encode components of the electron transport chain?
How many proteins do mammalian mitochondria genomes encode?
How many proteins do mammalian mitochondria genomes encode?
About how many different proteins encoded by the nuclear genome do mammalian mitochondria contain?
About how many different proteins encoded by the nuclear genome do mammalian mitochondria contain?
What are the proteins needed for replication and expression of mitochondrial DNA?
What are the proteins needed for replication and expression of mitochondrial DNA?
Which of the following are synthesized on free ribosomes and imported to mitochondria as complete polypeptides?
Which of the following are synthesized on free ribosomes and imported to mitochondria as complete polypeptides?
What are the amino-terminal sequences that are removed by proteolytic cleavage after import?
What are the amino-terminal sequences that are removed by proteolytic cleavage after import?
What is the name of the protein complex located on the outer mitochondrial membrane that serves as a receptor for presequences?
What is the name of the protein complex located on the outer mitochondrial membrane that serves as a receptor for presequences?
What is the complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that receives proteins after they are transported through the Tom complex?
What is the complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that receives proteins after they are transported through the Tom complex?
Protein translocation requires the electrochemical potential established across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Protein translocation requires the electrochemical potential established across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Proteins must be folded before being imported into mitochondria.
Proteins must be folded before being imported into mitochondria.
What cleaves presequences after import?
What cleaves presequences after import?
What binds to and assists in the folding of polypeptides after the presequence is cleaved?
What binds to and assists in the folding of polypeptides after the presequence is cleaved?
What happens to proteins with multiple transmembrane domains?
What happens to proteins with multiple transmembrane domains?
What do Tim9-Tim10 chaperones do in this scenario?
What do Tim9-Tim10 chaperones do in this scenario?
Some inner membrane proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial genome.
Some inner membrane proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial genome.
Where are these proteins synthesized?
Where are these proteins synthesized?
Where are these proteins targeted to?
Where are these proteins targeted to?
How do these proteins exit Oxa1 to insert into the inner membrane?
How do these proteins exit Oxa1 to insert into the inner membrane?
What do proteins destined for the outer membrane or intermembrane space pass through?
What do proteins destined for the outer membrane or intermembrane space pass through?
How are proteins with single transmembrane domains inserted into the outer membrane?
How are proteins with single transmembrane domains inserted into the outer membrane?
What is the name of the translocon that β-barrel proteins are carried to?
What is the name of the translocon that β-barrel proteins are carried to?
Lipids are imported from the cytosol into mitochondria.
Lipids are imported from the cytosol into mitochondria.
What phospholipid do mitochondria catalyze the synthesis of?
What phospholipid do mitochondria catalyze the synthesis of?
What does cardiolipin do to improve the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?
What does cardiolipin do to improve the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?
What mediates lipid transfer between the ER and mitochondria?
What mediates lipid transfer between the ER and mitochondria?
What energy source does the electrochemical gradient generated by proton pumping during oxidative phosphorylation provide?
What energy source does the electrochemical gradient generated by proton pumping during oxidative phosphorylation provide?
The transport of ATP and ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane is mediated by an integral membrane protein called the adenine nucleotide translocator.
The transport of ATP and ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane is mediated by an integral membrane protein called the adenine nucleotide translocator.
What is the exchange of one molecule of ATP for one molecule of ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane driven by?
What is the exchange of one molecule of ATP for one molecule of ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane driven by?
What is brought into mitochondria as phosphate in exchange for hydroxyl ions?
What is brought into mitochondria as phosphate in exchange for hydroxyl ions?
If you were to compare chloroplasts to mitochondria, how are they similar?
If you were to compare chloroplasts to mitochondria, how are they similar?
What is the primary difference in size and complexity between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
What is the primary difference in size and complexity between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
What do chloroplasts convert carbon dioxide to?
What do chloroplasts convert carbon dioxide to?
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA molecules.
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA molecules.
What is the name of the double membrane that surrounds chloroplasts?
What is the name of the double membrane that surrounds chloroplasts?
What does the thylakoid membrane form within chloroplasts?
What does the thylakoid membrane form within chloroplasts?
What are the three internal compartments of chloroplasts?
What are the three internal compartments of chloroplasts?
What is the inner membrane of chloroplasts impermeable to?
What is the inner membrane of chloroplasts impermeable to?
What does the stroma contain?
What does the stroma contain?
Where does electron transport and ATP generation take place in chloroplasts?
Where does electron transport and ATP generation take place in chloroplasts?
What are pumped across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?
What are pumped across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?
What is the thylakoid membrane equivalent to in mitochondria?
What is the thylakoid membrane equivalent to in mitochondria?
Chloroplast genomes are larger and more complex than those of mitochondria.
Chloroplast genomes are larger and more complex than those of mitochondria.
What do chloroplast genetic systems reflect?
What do chloroplast genetic systems reflect?
Chloroplast tRNAs are sufficient to translate all mRNA codons using the universal genetic code.
Chloroplast tRNAs are sufficient to translate all mRNA codons using the universal genetic code.
What enzyme does one subunit of rubisco is encoded by?
What enzyme does one subunit of rubisco is encoded by?
What is the name of the cycle where rubisco catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate?
What is the name of the cycle where rubisco catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate?
Rubisco is critical for photosynthesis.
Rubisco is critical for photosynthesis.
Where are other proteins synthesized and then imported into chloroplasts?
Where are other proteins synthesized and then imported into chloroplasts?
What are the N-terminal sequences that direct translocation across the two membranes of the envelope and are removed by proteolytic cleavage?
What are the N-terminal sequences that direct translocation across the two membranes of the envelope and are removed by proteolytic cleavage?
What does the Toc complex translocate?
What does the Toc complex translocate?
What keeps polypeptides in an unfolded state during import into chloroplasts?
What keeps polypeptides in an unfolded state during import into chloroplasts?
What do some Hsp70 molecules hydrolyze to provide energy during the translocation process?
What do some Hsp70 molecules hydrolyze to provide energy during the translocation process?
What complex do proteins enter on the inner chloroplast membrane?
What complex do proteins enter on the inner chloroplast membrane?
What does the Tic complex transport proteins to?
What does the Tic complex transport proteins to?
What cleaves the transit peptide in the stroma?
What cleaves the transit peptide in the stroma?
What do proteins that must cross the thylakoid membrane have?
What do proteins that must cross the thylakoid membrane have?
What are the two pathways that proteins can take to be translocated into the thylakoid lumen?
What are the two pathways that proteins can take to be translocated into the thylakoid lumen?
What does the Sec pathway require?
What does the Sec pathway require?
What pathway does the Tat pathway use to gain energy?
What pathway does the Tat pathway use to gain energy?
What does the Tat pathway allow proteins to be transported as?
What does the Tat pathway allow proteins to be transported as?
What cleaves the signal sequences in the Tat pathway?
What cleaves the signal sequences in the Tat pathway?
What do proteins with a transmembrane sequence exit the Sec translocon laterally?
What do proteins with a transmembrane sequence exit the Sec translocon laterally?
What recognizes proteins in the SRP pathway for chloroplasts and inserts them into the thylakoid membrane?
What recognizes proteins in the SRP pathway for chloroplasts and inserts them into the thylakoid membrane?
The insertion of proteins into the thylakoid membrane can occur by a mechanism that does not involve any known transport machinery.
The insertion of proteins into the thylakoid membrane can occur by a mechanism that does not involve any known transport machinery.
What are chloroplasts a type of?
What are chloroplasts a type of?
What do plastids share with chloroplasts but differ in?
What do plastids share with chloroplasts but differ in?
What are chloroplasts specialized for?
What are chloroplasts specialized for?
What are the other types of plastids involved in?
What are the other types of plastids involved in?
What is the name of plastids that contain carotenoids?
What is the name of plastids that contain carotenoids?
What are plastids that are nonpigmented called?
What are plastids that are nonpigmented called?
What do amyloplasts store?
What do amyloplasts store?
What do elaioplasts store?
What do elaioplasts store?
What do all plastids develop from?
What do all plastids develop from?
Mature plastids can change from one type to another.
Mature plastids can change from one type to another.
What do chromoplasts develop from?
What do chromoplasts develop from?
What are the single-membrane organelles containing enzymes involved in many metabolic reactions called?
What are the single-membrane organelles containing enzymes involved in many metabolic reactions called?
Peroxisomes have their own genomes.
Peroxisomes have their own genomes.
Where are most peroxisomal proteins synthesized?
Where are most peroxisomal proteins synthesized?
Peroxisomes can replicate by division but can also regenerate even if they're completely lost.
Peroxisomes can replicate by division but can also regenerate even if they're completely lost.
What are peroxisomal proteins typically?
What are peroxisomal proteins typically?
What kind of reactions do peroxisomes use to break down many substrates?
What kind of reactions do peroxisomes use to break down many substrates?
What converts hydrogen peroxide to water or oxidizes another organic compound?
What converts hydrogen peroxide to water or oxidizes another organic compound?
Peroxisomes are involved in the synthesis of lipids.
Peroxisomes are involved in the synthesis of lipids.
What are the phospholipids with one hydrocarbon chain joined to glycerol by an ether bond rather than an ester bond called?
What are the phospholipids with one hydrocarbon chain joined to glycerol by an ether bond rather than an ester bond called?
Where in animal cells are cholesterol and dolichol synthesized?
Where in animal cells are cholesterol and dolichol synthesized?
What are peroxisomes in the liver involved in the synthesis of?
What are peroxisomes in the liver involved in the synthesis of?
What is the name of the cycle that peroxisomes in seeds use to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates?
What is the name of the cycle that peroxisomes in seeds use to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates?
What is the name of the cycle that the glyoxylate cycle is a variant of?
What is the name of the cycle that the glyoxylate cycle is a variant of?
What does the glyoxylate cycle provide for the germinating plant?
What does the glyoxylate cycle provide for the germinating plant?
What are the peroxisomes sometimes referred to as?
What are the peroxisomes sometimes referred to as?
What are peroxisomes in leaves involved in?
What are peroxisomes in leaves involved in?
Flashcards
Mitochondria structure
Mitochondria structure
Double-membrane-bound organelle with an inner membrane folded into cristae and an outer membrane, separating the intermembrane space from the matrix.
Mitochondrial function
Mitochondrial function
Generate ATP (energy) from breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates through oxidative metabolism. The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur here.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Process in inner mitochondrial membrane where high-energy electrons are transferred to oxygen, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
Mitochondrial Matrix
Mitochondrial Matrix
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory
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Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
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Mitochondrial Genetic Code
Mitochondrial Genetic Code
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Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission
Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission
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Intermembrane space
Intermembrane space
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Outer mitochondrial membrane
Outer mitochondrial membrane
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