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Questions and Answers
What is the daily energy intake (kcal) at a barn temperature of 22°C?
What is the daily energy intake (kcal) at a barn temperature of 22°C?
Which barn temperature corresponds to the lowest daily feed intake in grams?
Which barn temperature corresponds to the lowest daily feed intake in grams?
How much daily feed intake (grams) is associated with a barn temperature of 24°C?
How much daily feed intake (grams) is associated with a barn temperature of 24°C?
Which combination of daily energy intake and barn temperature is correctly paired based on the provided data?
Which combination of daily energy intake and barn temperature is correctly paired based on the provided data?
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What percentage of feather loss is assumed in these calculations?
What percentage of feather loss is assumed in these calculations?
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What trend is observed in the percentage of medium-sized eggs (%M) from 2009 to 2018?
What trend is observed in the percentage of medium-sized eggs (%M) from 2009 to 2018?
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In which year did the percentage of undergrades reach its highest level based on the trends provided?
In which year did the percentage of undergrades reach its highest level based on the trends provided?
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How did the average age at 20% medium or less change from 2008 to 2018?
How did the average age at 20% medium or less change from 2008 to 2018?
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What was the average percentage of large eggs (%L) in 2015 based on the data provided?
What was the average percentage of large eggs (%L) in 2015 based on the data provided?
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What does the trend generally indicate about the size of eggs from Lohmann's flocks from 2009 to 2018?
What does the trend generally indicate about the size of eggs from Lohmann's flocks from 2009 to 2018?
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What is the consequence of hens going without water for 6 to 8 hours?
What is the consequence of hens going without water for 6 to 8 hours?
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How much water is needed for the production of each egg?
How much water is needed for the production of each egg?
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What percentage of a hen's daily water intake occurs immediately following egg laying?
What percentage of a hen's daily water intake occurs immediately following egg laying?
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In terms of layers' production, what does peak laying persistency refer to?
In terms of layers' production, what does peak laying persistency refer to?
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What is the goal of phase feeding in poultry nutrition?
What is the goal of phase feeding in poultry nutrition?
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What can occur if a hen goes without water for 24 hours?
What can occur if a hen goes without water for 24 hours?
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What has happened to the saleable eggs per hen housed in high production flocks over the past 20 years?
What has happened to the saleable eggs per hen housed in high production flocks over the past 20 years?
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What is the average mL of water needed per hour per hen in a typical barn setting?
What is the average mL of water needed per hour per hen in a typical barn setting?
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What does 'high production flocks' typically achieve in terms of laying persistency?
What does 'high production flocks' typically achieve in terms of laying persistency?
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What ingredient is a by-product from the production of ethanol from corn?
What ingredient is a by-product from the production of ethanol from corn?
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What trend was observed in egg production from 2009 to 2017?
What trend was observed in egg production from 2009 to 2017?
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Which of the following statements about feed intake trends is accurate?
Which of the following statements about feed intake trends is accurate?
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What does the equation for energy intake indicate?
What does the equation for energy intake indicate?
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During which year did egg production first measure below 90% based on the trend shown?
During which year did egg production first measure below 90% based on the trend shown?
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What is indicated by the high production flocks data presented?
What is indicated by the high production flocks data presented?
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Which trend regarding daily egg mass can be inferred from the information given?
Which trend regarding daily egg mass can be inferred from the information given?
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How did the feed intake per hen trend from 2008 to 2017?
How did the feed intake per hen trend from 2008 to 2017?
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In what way does temperature affect energy intake calculations?
In what way does temperature affect energy intake calculations?
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What can be inferred about egg size trends from the available content?
What can be inferred about egg size trends from the available content?
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What role does hen age play in egg production and feed intake trends?
What role does hen age play in egg production and feed intake trends?
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What percentage of the cost of poultry products is attributed to feed?
What percentage of the cost of poultry products is attributed to feed?
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Who is credited with recognizing the value of soybeans as a protein source?
Who is credited with recognizing the value of soybeans as a protein source?
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What is the crude protein percentage specified in the nutrient specifications for poultry?
What is the crude protein percentage specified in the nutrient specifications for poultry?
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What ingredient makes up 10% of the basic layer formula?
What ingredient makes up 10% of the basic layer formula?
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Which of the following is the main energy source in the basic layer formula?
Which of the following is the main energy source in the basic layer formula?
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What is the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus (Ca/PavP) in the nutrient specifications?
What is the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus (Ca/PavP) in the nutrient specifications?
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Which ingredient in the basic layer formula has the highest inclusion level?
Which ingredient in the basic layer formula has the highest inclusion level?
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What is the crude fat percentage specified for poultry nutrition?
What is the crude fat percentage specified for poultry nutrition?
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Which amino acid is included in the basic layer formula?
Which amino acid is included in the basic layer formula?
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What is the cost of the basic layer formula per unit?
What is the cost of the basic layer formula per unit?
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What ingredient represents a source of phosphorus in the basic layer formula?
What ingredient represents a source of phosphorus in the basic layer formula?
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Which of the following is the minimum crude fiber specification in the nutrient requirements?
Which of the following is the minimum crude fiber specification in the nutrient requirements?
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What is the total amount of ingredients (in grams) used in the basic layer formula?
What is the total amount of ingredients (in grams) used in the basic layer formula?
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Which functional component is NOT included in the layer premix?
Which functional component is NOT included in the layer premix?
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Flashcards
Poultry Feed Cost
Poultry Feed Cost
70% of the cost of poultry products in the industry.
Green Revolution
Green Revolution
Development of high-yielding crops by scientists like Norman Borlaug, which influenced the poultry industry.
Soybean Value
Soybean Value
Soybeans are a crucial source of protein and oil, recognized by George Washington Carver in the early 20th century.
Layer Feed Formula
Layer Feed Formula
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Corn Percentage
Corn Percentage
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Limestone Function
Limestone Function
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ME Poultry Kcal/kg
ME Poultry Kcal/kg
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Crude Protein %
Crude Protein %
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Animal CP %
Animal CP %
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Amino Acid Importance
Amino Acid Importance
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2023 Layer Feed Base
2023 Layer Feed Base
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Cost Comparison
Cost Comparison
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Ingredient Values
Ingredient Values
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Nutrient Requirements
Nutrient Requirements
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Functional Components
Functional Components
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DDGS
DDGS
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Hen Water Intake
Hen Water Intake
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Egg Production
Egg Production
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Laying Persistency
Laying Persistency
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Phase Feeding
Phase Feeding
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Peak Egg Mass
Peak Egg Mass
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Water for Egg Production
Water for Egg Production
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Water deprivation effects
Water deprivation effects
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High Production Flocks
High Production Flocks
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Observational Layer Data
Observational Layer Data
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Effect of Barn Temperature on Feed Intake
Effect of Barn Temperature on Feed Intake
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Daily Energy Intake (kcal)
Daily Energy Intake (kcal)
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Daily Feed Intake (grams)
Daily Feed Intake (grams)
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1.65 kg bird, 59 g egg, 20% feather loss
1.65 kg bird, 59 g egg, 20% feather loss
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Standard Layer Feed (2850 kcal/kg)
Standard Layer Feed (2850 kcal/kg)
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Egg Size Trends (2009-2017)
Egg Size Trends (2009-2017)
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Average Age at 20% M or Less
Average Age at 20% M or Less
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20% M or less in 2018 flock.
20% M or less in 2018 flock.
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%M Egg Size
%M Egg Size
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Avg of 2-week rate of change after M
Avg of 2-week rate of change after M
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Egg Production Trend (2009-2017)
Egg Production Trend (2009-2017)
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High Production Flocks (2016)
High Production Flocks (2016)
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Feed Intake Trend (2009-2017)
Feed Intake Trend (2009-2017)
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Hen Age (Weeks)
Hen Age (Weeks)
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Daily Egg Mass (grams)
Daily Egg Mass (grams)
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Energy Intake (kcal ME)
Energy Intake (kcal ME)
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Feed Intake Calculations
Feed Intake Calculations
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2012 vs 2018 Feed/Energy Intake
2012 vs 2018 Feed/Energy Intake
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Daily Egg Mass
Daily Egg Mass
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End of Flock Feed Intake
End of Flock Feed Intake
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Study Notes
Integrated Layer Nutrition
- Poultry industry is a major outcome of the Green Revolution, driven by the development of high-yielding grains like corn and wheat.
- Grain availability significantly lowered feed costs.
- 70% of the cost of poultry products is feed.
- George Washington Carver recognized soybeans as a vital source of protein and oil in 1904. Rotating cotton crops with soybeans improved soil fertility and crop productivity.
Basic Layer Formula
- The basic layer formula consists of several ingredients:
- Corn (550.3)
- Soybean Meal (282)
- Limestone (101)
- Vegetable Oil/Poultry Fat (43)
- Dicalcium Phosphate (15.7)
- Salt (3.5)
- Methionine (2.97)
- Layer Premix (1)
- Choline (0.5)
- The formula is composed of 80% corn and soybean meal and 10% limestone.
Nutrient Specifications
- ME Poultry Kcal/kg: 2,900
- Crude Protein (%): 17
- Animal CP (%): 2.5
- Crude Fat (%): 3.5
- Crude Fibre (%): 2.8
- Calcium (%): 4.20
- Total Phosphorus (%): 0.50
- Available Phosphorus (%): 0.43
- Ca/avP Ratio: 9.76
- Sodium (%): 0.17
- Chloride (%): 0.20
2023 Layer Base
- This table details the 2023 base layer formulation for various ingredients. Specific percentages or amounts for each ingredient are listed.
- The cost of these ingredients is also displayed.
Water Intake
- Hens drink at a rate equivalent to 10-12% of their body weight in water per day.
- 70 mL of water is crucial for each egg produced.
- 6-8 hours without water affects egg production for 7–10 days.
- Water intake fluctuates throughout the day.
High Production Flocks
- Egg production per hen has significantly increased in the past two decades.
- Top flocks maintain 95+% laying persistency for about 30 weeks.
- Egg production peaks from 35 to 70 weeks of age.
- Phase feeding of protein and energy is crucial for managing egg size and shell quality.
Observational Layer Data Since 2009
- Data was collected from 14 Lohmann flocks for egg production, feed intake, and egg size trends from 2009-2018.
Additional Notes
- Various other aspects of poultry nutrition, including ingredient values, methods of processing grains, and discussion of other nutritional requirements. Data regarding various nutritional components (e.g., phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D3, and organic minerals) and associated processes were included.
- Important considerations for optimizing poultry nutrition are detailed. Data related to water consumption, feed efficiency, and gut health are also included.
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