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What is the daily energy intake (kcal) at a barn temperature of 22°C?

  • 293
  • 301
  • 287 (correct)
  • 273
  • Which barn temperature corresponds to the lowest daily feed intake in grams?

  • 28°C (correct)
  • 20°C
  • 24°C
  • 26°C
  • How much daily feed intake (grams) is associated with a barn temperature of 24°C?

  • 108
  • 99 (correct)
  • 112
  • 106
  • Which combination of daily energy intake and barn temperature is correctly paired based on the provided data?

    <p>26°C and 310 kcal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of feather loss is assumed in these calculations?

    <p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed in the percentage of medium-sized eggs (%M) from 2009 to 2018?

    <p>%M has decreased overall since 2009. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the percentage of undergrades reach its highest level based on the trends provided?

    <p>2014 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the average age at 20% medium or less change from 2008 to 2018?

    <p>The average age has consistently increased. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average percentage of large eggs (%L) in 2015 based on the data provided?

    <p>25 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trend generally indicate about the size of eggs from Lohmann's flocks from 2009 to 2018?

    <p>There is a decline in the average egg size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hens going without water for 6 to 8 hours?

    <p>It affects production for 7 to 10 days. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is needed for the production of each egg?

    <p>70 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a hen's daily water intake occurs immediately following egg laying?

    <p>22% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of layers' production, what does peak laying persistency refer to?

    <p>The maximum percentage of hens laying eggs over a period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of phase feeding in poultry nutrition?

    <p>To control egg size and optimize shell quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if a hen goes without water for 24 hours?

    <p>It can induce a molt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has happened to the saleable eggs per hen housed in high production flocks over the past 20 years?

    <p>Increased by 40 eggs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average mL of water needed per hour per hen in a typical barn setting?

    <p>22 mL/hr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'high production flocks' typically achieve in terms of laying persistency?

    <p>97% peak persistency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ingredient is a by-product from the production of ethanol from corn?

    <p>Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed in egg production from 2009 to 2017?

    <p>Average egg production fluctuated but remained around 90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about feed intake trends is accurate?

    <p>There was an upward trend with fluctuations noted in specific years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation for energy intake indicate?

    <p>It incorporates body weight, egg mass, and daily weight gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which year did egg production first measure below 90% based on the trend shown?

    <p>2012 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the high production flocks data presented?

    <p>They consistently exceeded the breed production standard. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trend regarding daily egg mass can be inferred from the information given?

    <p>Daily egg mass trends follow a similar pattern to egg production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the feed intake per hen trend from 2008 to 2017?

    <p>Feed intake per hen decreased after reaching a peak in 2012. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does temperature affect energy intake calculations?

    <p>Higher temperatures reduce required energy intake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about egg size trends from the available content?

    <p>Egg size trends were not mentioned in the data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hen age play in egg production and feed intake trends?

    <p>Egg production declines with increasing hen age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the cost of poultry products is attributed to feed?

    <p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with recognizing the value of soybeans as a protein source?

    <p>George Washington Carver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crude protein percentage specified in the nutrient specifications for poultry?

    <p>17% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ingredient makes up 10% of the basic layer formula?

    <p>Limestone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main energy source in the basic layer formula?

    <p>Corn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus (Ca/PavP) in the nutrient specifications?

    <p>9.76 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ingredient in the basic layer formula has the highest inclusion level?

    <p>Corn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crude fat percentage specified for poultry nutrition?

    <p>3.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is included in the basic layer formula?

    <p>Methionine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost of the basic layer formula per unit?

    <p>$512 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ingredient represents a source of phosphorus in the basic layer formula?

    <p>Dicalcium Phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the minimum crude fiber specification in the nutrient requirements?

    <p>2.8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of ingredients (in grams) used in the basic layer formula?

    <p>1000 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional component is NOT included in the layer premix?

    <p>Antioxidants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Poultry Feed Cost

    70% of the cost of poultry products in the industry.

    Green Revolution

    Development of high-yielding crops by scientists like Norman Borlaug, which influenced the poultry industry.

    Soybean Value

    Soybeans are a crucial source of protein and oil, recognized by George Washington Carver in the early 20th century.

    Layer Feed Formula

    A specific mixture of ingredients used to feed laying hens (layers).

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    Corn Percentage

    Corn makes up 80% of the main layer feed formula.

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    Limestone Function

    Essential component in layer feed, providing calcium for egg shell formation.

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    ME Poultry Kcal/kg

    Measurement of the metabolizable energy content in poultry feed per kilogram.

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    Crude Protein %

    Ratio of crude protein in the layer feed formula.

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    Animal CP %

    percentage of crude protein from poultry to animal ingredients in the formula.

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    Amino Acid Importance

    Amino acids influence poultry nutrition and product quality.

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    2023 Layer Feed Base

    A 2023 base formula for layer feed.

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    Cost Comparison

    Comparison of costs of different layer feed formulations.

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    Ingredient Values

    The cost of ingredients in the formula.

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    Nutrient Requirements

    Specific nutritional demands of layer chickens.

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    Functional Components

    Additional functionalities of feed ingredients beyond basic nutrition.

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    DDGS

    Dried distillers grains with solubles, a byproduct of ethanol production from corn, potentially containing yeast prebiotics.

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    Hen Water Intake

    Hens drink twice the amount of feed they eat daily, a significant portion shortly after laying an egg, and water is essential to egg production.

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    Egg Production

    Commercial layer hen egg production has improved dramatically (more eggs per hen) in the past two decades.

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    Laying Persistency

    Top flocks maintain egg production of above 95% in nearly 30 weeks.

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    Phase Feeding

    Adjusting a layer hen's diet to control egg size and optimize shell quality.

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    Peak Egg Mass

    Maximum egg production typically occurs for hens aged 35 to 70 weeks.

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    Water for Egg Production

    70ml of water is needed for each egg produced.

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    Water deprivation effects

    Depriving hens of water for 6 to 8 hours can affect production for 7-10 days; 24 hours can induce a molt.

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    High Production Flocks

    Flocks that have higher egg production per hen housed compared to past decades.

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    Observational Layer Data

    Data collected over time (2009-2018) on 14 Lohmann flocks to analyze weekly performance, looking at barn conditions, feed programs, and pullet growers.

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    Effect of Barn Temperature on Feed Intake

    Higher barn temperatures may lead to decreased feed intake in laying hens.

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    Daily Energy Intake (kcal)

    The amount of energy (in kilocalories) a laying hen consumes daily.

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    Daily Feed Intake (grams)

    The weight of feed consumed daily.

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    1.65 kg bird, 59 g egg, 20% feather loss

    Calculations focusing on a 1.65 kg bird producing a 59 gram egg with a 20% feather loss.

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    Standard Layer Feed (2850 kcal/kg)

    A typical feed formulation containing 2850 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram.

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    Egg Size Trends (2009-2017)

    Graphical representation showing the percentage of different egg grades (Undergrades, %M, %L, %XL) produced by a flock of hens from 2009 to 2017.

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    Average Age at 20% M or Less

    Mean age of a laying hen flock at which 20% or fewer eggs are in the 'M' size grade.

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    20% M or less in 2018 flock.

    Consideration of if the proportion of 'M' graded eggs (i.e. smaller size) decreased more drastically compared to the previous years.

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    %M Egg Size

    Percentage of eggs graded as medium size within the given flock of hens.

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    Avg of 2-week rate of change after M

    Average rate of change in a 2-week period after the proportion of 'M' size eggs is considered.

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    Egg Production Trend (2009-2017)

    Egg production (per 365 days) demonstrates a slight upward trend with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.7 from 2009 to 2017.

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    High Production Flocks (2016)

    The top egg-producing flocks in 2016 were approximately 75-95% efficient compared to established standards.

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    Feed Intake Trend (2009-2017)

    Feed intake, measured in grams per day and hen, showed a modest increase from 2009 to 2017, with a partial correlation coefficient.

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    Hen Age (Weeks)

    The age of a hen in weeks, important for monitoring egg production and feed intake.

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    Daily Egg Mass (grams)

    The weight of eggs produced by a hen daily in grams.

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    Energy Intake (kcal ME)

    Energy consumed by a bird in kcal of metabolizable energy, calculated using body weight, temperature, egg mass and weight gain.

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    Feed Intake Calculations

    Methods for measuring and predicting feed intake, potentially considering environmental temperature.

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    2012 vs 2018 Feed/Energy Intake

    Comparison of feed and energy consumption measurements between methods in 2012 and 2018 and their relation to barn temperatures.

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    Daily Egg Mass

    The Daily weight (in grams) of eggs produced.

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    End of Flock Feed Intake

    Measurement of feed intake (in grams/day/hen) nearing the end of a chicken flock's lifespan.

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    Study Notes

    Integrated Layer Nutrition

    • Poultry industry is a major outcome of the Green Revolution, driven by the development of high-yielding grains like corn and wheat.
    • Grain availability significantly lowered feed costs.
    • 70% of the cost of poultry products is feed.
    • George Washington Carver recognized soybeans as a vital source of protein and oil in 1904. Rotating cotton crops with soybeans improved soil fertility and crop productivity.

    Basic Layer Formula

    • The basic layer formula consists of several ingredients:
      • Corn (550.3)
      • Soybean Meal (282)
      • Limestone (101)
      • Vegetable Oil/Poultry Fat (43)
      • Dicalcium Phosphate (15.7)
      • Salt (3.5)
      • Methionine (2.97)
      • Layer Premix (1)
      • Choline (0.5)
    • The formula is composed of 80% corn and soybean meal and 10% limestone.

    Nutrient Specifications

    • ME Poultry Kcal/kg: 2,900
    • Crude Protein (%): 17
    • Animal CP (%): 2.5
    • Crude Fat (%): 3.5
    • Crude Fibre (%): 2.8
    • Calcium (%): 4.20
    • Total Phosphorus (%): 0.50
    • Available Phosphorus (%): 0.43
    • Ca/avP Ratio: 9.76
    • Sodium (%): 0.17
    • Chloride (%): 0.20

    2023 Layer Base

    • This table details the 2023 base layer formulation for various ingredients. Specific percentages or amounts for each ingredient are listed.
    • The cost of these ingredients is also displayed.

    Water Intake

    • Hens drink at a rate equivalent to 10-12% of their body weight in water per day.
    • 70 mL of water is crucial for each egg produced.
    • 6-8 hours without water affects egg production for 7–10 days.
    • Water intake fluctuates throughout the day.

    High Production Flocks

    • Egg production per hen has significantly increased in the past two decades.
    • Top flocks maintain 95+% laying persistency for about 30 weeks.
    • Egg production peaks from 35 to 70 weeks of age.
    • Phase feeding of protein and energy is crucial for managing egg size and shell quality.

    Observational Layer Data Since 2009

    • Data was collected from 14 Lohmann flocks for egg production, feed intake, and egg size trends from 2009-2018.

    Additional Notes

    • Various other aspects of poultry nutrition, including ingredient values, methods of processing grains, and discussion of other nutritional requirements. Data regarding various nutritional components (e.g., phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D3, and organic minerals) and associated processes were included.
    • Important considerations for optimizing poultry nutrition are detailed. Data related to water consumption, feed efficiency, and gut health are also included.

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