Untitled Quiz

Aspirin acetylates COX1 and TX-synthase, making them unable to function.

TXA2 is a major arachidonic acid product that activates platelets, causing them to change shape and aggregate.

Low doses of aspirin selectively reduce TXA2 formation by platelets.

High doses of aspirin reduce both TXA2 and PGI2 production.

Aspirin inhibits the release of ADP from platelets, thus affecting their sticking to each other.

Platelets contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

NSAIDs are reversible inhibitors of COX, leading to short-term platelet function inhibition.

Dipyridamole is a vasodilator, originally used for angina pectoris.

Rifaximin 200mg three times a day for 3 days is effective and superior to placebo, and as effective as ciprofloxacin in treating traveler's diarrhea.

Severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in stool, fever, and cramps requires empiric treatment with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, cotrimoxazole, or doxycycline to relieve symptoms and eradicate the pathogen.

Fluid replacement is the most crucial treatment for cholera, but tetracyclines can reduce stool volume. Cotrimoxazole is a good alternative, especially for children.

Cough is a protective reflex to expel and drain respiratory secretions and foreign particles. It's activated by mechano, chemo or stretch receptors.

A cough that's not productive (non-productive) should generally be suppressed unless the amount of expectoration achieved is small compared to the effort exerted.

The most common cause of acute cough (lasting less than 3 weeks) are respiratory viral infections.

A higher strength rifaximin (550mg) tablet is used to reduce the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy by suppressing ammonia-forming gut bacteria.

Rifaximin (400mg twice daily) may relieve bloating, flatulence, and flatus by suppressing gas-producing colonic bacteria.

Exhaled gases escape through a valve, and fresh anaesthetic mixture is added. No rebreathing occurs, and flow rates are high.

Patient rebreaths exhaled gas, which is filtered by soda lime to remove CO2. Only needed O2 and anaesthetic are added.

Partial rebreathing is allowed through a partially closed valve. Flow rates are moderate.

Gases used for general anesthesia, delivered by inhalation. Examples include Halothane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.

Chemical substance used in closed systems to absorb CO2 from exhaled gas.

The rate at which gas is delivered to the patient in anesthesia.

The amount of anaesthetic in the gas mixture.

The difference between the actual anaesthetic effect and the potentially harmful levels.

Used in asthma to open airways, minimizing heart effects, not suitable for those unable to use inhalers, or used in severe asthma as an alternative/adjuvant treatment.

Drugs targeting rapidly multiplying cells, including cancer cells, but affect other rapidly growing cells too.

Cells like cancer cells that quickly reproduce, making them a target for cytotoxic drugs.

Suppression of bone marrow activity, leading to low levels of important components (WBC, platelets).

Low levels of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell), increasing risk of infections.

Low blood platelet count, causing problems with blood clotting.

Infections caused by organisms with low pathogenicity, that become more dangerous when the immune system is weakened.

Percentage of cells within a cancer that are actively dividing. Important in chemotherapy success.

Levodopa, a precursor to dopamine, improves symptoms in Parkinson's by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is involved in movement control, motivation, and reward.

Levodopa treatment increases dopamine levels in the brains of Parkinson's patients, especially those who respond well.

The two main types are D1-like (excitatory) and D2-like (inhibitory), each playing different roles in the brain.

D1-like receptors are excitatory, increasing cAMP and activating protein kinase C.

D2-like receptors are inhibitory, reducing cAMP and opening potassium channels.

Both types are found in the striatum and play a role in the therapeutic response to levodopa, each regulating different pathways.

Levodopa has little effect on normal individuals and those with other neurological diseases.

A group of medications, primarily mild CNS depressants, used to manage anxiety symptoms. They aim to create a calm state of mind without affecting normal mental or physical functions.

A common class of antianxiety drugs with properties like relaxation and anticonvulsant effects. They are often used due to their low dependence liability compared to other sedatives.

Unlike antipsychotics, benzodiazepines do not directly address thought disorders like schizophrenia. They focus on calming anxiety and promoting relaxation.

While BZDs are generally safe, they can cause physical dependence and carry abuse liability. However, their withdrawal syndrome is milder and delayed due to their long half-lives.

Morphine is a vital medication for emergencies, but its strong respiratory depressant effects require cautious use.

Infants, elderly, and individuals with hypothyroidism, liver or kidney disease are more sensitive to morphine's respiratory depressant effects.

Individuals with unstable personalities may be more susceptible to addiction with continued morphine use.

Morphine is crucial in emergency settings, but its use requires careful consideration due to its potential side effects and the vulnerability of certain patient populations.