Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the use of rifaximin 200 mg TDS for 3 days?
What is the use of rifaximin 200 mg TDS for 3 days?
Which of the following pathogens is associated with severe diarrhoea that requires empirical treatment?
Which of the following pathogens is associated with severe diarrhoea that requires empirical treatment?
What is the effect of low doses of aspirin on TXA2 formation by platelets?
What is the effect of low doses of aspirin on TXA2 formation by platelets?
What is the purpose of cough as a reflex action?
What is the purpose of cough as a reflex action?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of acute cough lasting less than 3 weeks?
What is a common cause of acute cough lasting less than 3 weeks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which substance primarily activates platelets to change shape and release mediator-rich granules?
Which substance primarily activates platelets to change shape and release mediator-rich granules?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibiotic is preferred for treating multidrug-resistant cholera strains?
Which antibiotic is preferred for treating multidrug-resistant cholera strains?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drugs are classified based on their action on platelet function?
What type of drugs are classified based on their action on platelet function?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition is rifaximin 400 mg BD reported to provide subjective relief?
In which condition is rifaximin 400 mg BD reported to provide subjective relief?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by aspirin?
Which enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by aspirin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a known antimicrobial treatment for symptomatic relief in invasive diarrhoea?
Which of the following is NOT a known antimicrobial treatment for symptomatic relief in invasive diarrhoea?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of dipyridamole?
What is the function of dipyridamole?
Signup and view all the answers
How do other NSAIDs compare to aspirin in terms of platelet function?
How do other NSAIDs compare to aspirin in terms of platelet function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main treatment recommendation for cholera?
What is the main treatment recommendation for cholera?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do higher doses of aspirin (> 900 mg/day) have on TXA2 and PGI2 production?
What effect do higher doses of aspirin (> 900 mg/day) have on TXA2 and PGI2 production?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of TXA2 in the context of platelet function?
What is the main purpose of TXA2 in the context of platelet function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medications are considered selective β2 agonists used in asthma?
Which medications are considered selective β2 agonists used in asthma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended oral dose of β2 agonist therapy?
What is the recommended oral dose of β2 agonist therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a main target of action for cytotoxic drugs in cancer treatment?
What is a main target of action for cytotoxic drugs in cancer treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are bone marrow and epithelial linings particularly affected by cytotoxic drugs?
Why are bone marrow and epithelial linings particularly affected by cytotoxic drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common consequence of drug-induced bone marrow depression?
What is a common consequence of drug-induced bone marrow depression?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of infections is of particular importance due to low pathogenicity in cancer patients?
What type of infections is of particular importance due to low pathogenicity in cancer patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral infections are mentioned as significant due to chemotherapy effects?
Which viral infections are mentioned as significant due to chemotherapy effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can arise from severe bone marrow depression?
What condition can arise from severe bone marrow depression?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of an open system in anesthetic delivery?
What is a key characteristic of an open system in anesthetic delivery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a property of a closed system?
Which of the following is NOT a property of a closed system?
Signup and view all the answers
In which system is there a potential for imprecise control of inhaled anesthetic concentrations?
In which system is there a potential for imprecise control of inhaled anesthetic concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important for an anesthetic system to avoid reactions with rubber tubing or soda lime?
Why is it important for an anesthetic system to avoid reactions with rubber tubing or soda lime?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common challenge associated with using a closed anesthesia system?
What is a common challenge associated with using a closed anesthesia system?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is ideal for quickly adjusting the depth of anesthesia?
What condition is ideal for quickly adjusting the depth of anesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it beneficial to have a wide margin of safety in anesthesia?
Why is it beneficial to have a wide margin of safety in anesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anesthetic system should be used for expensive and explosive agents?
What type of anesthetic system should be used for expensive and explosive agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease?
What is the primary effect of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which dopamine receptor subtypes are classified as excitatory?
Which dopamine receptor subtypes are classified as excitatory?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to dopamine levels in Parkinson's patients treated with levodopa until death?
What happens to dopamine levels in Parkinson's patients treated with levodopa until death?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of D2-like receptors in the brain?
What is the role of D2-like receptors in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms resolves first in patients treated with levodopa?
Which of the following symptoms resolves first in patients treated with levodopa?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of receptors are the identified dopamine receptors classified as?
What type of receptors are the identified dopamine receptors classified as?
Signup and view all the answers
In the treatment of Parkinson's, D1 and D2 receptors in the striatum regulate what?
In the treatment of Parkinson's, D1 and D2 receptors in the striatum regulate what?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common effect of levodopa treatment on secondary symptoms?
What is a common effect of levodopa treatment on secondary symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
What are antianxiety drugs primarily designed to control?
What are antianxiety drugs primarily designed to control?
Signup and view all the answers
How do benzodiazepines compare to barbiturates in terms of dependence liability?
How do benzodiazepines compare to barbiturates in terms of dependence liability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of benzodiazepines regarding their therapeutic effects?
What is a key characteristic of benzodiazepines regarding their therapeutic effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the properties of benzodiazepines?
What is one of the properties of benzodiazepines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following populations are more susceptible to the respiratory depressant effects of morphine?
Which of the following populations are more susceptible to the respiratory depressant effects of morphine?
Signup and view all the answers
In patients with unstable personalities, what is a common risk related to drug use?
In patients with unstable personalities, what is a common risk related to drug use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the effects of benzodiazepines in relation to overdosage?
What is one of the effects of benzodiazepines in relation to overdosage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs is effective for treating severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Which class of drugs is effective for treating severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pharma Drugs
- Aulacoids are a type of plant-derived drug.
- Chemotherapy is a treatment method using drugs.
Cardio Vascular System
- Anti-Arrhythmics are used to treat irregular heartbeats.
- Anti-Anginals address chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
- Peripheral vascular disease affects blood vessels outside the heart.
- Calcium channel blockers control muscle contractions in the heart.
- Anti-hypertensives lower high blood pressure.
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Class I drugs stabilize cell membranes. (A) Moderately decrease dv/dt of 0 phase; (B) Little decrease in dv/dt of 0 phase; (C) Marked decrease in dv/dt of 0 phase
- Class II drugs inhibit nerve signals.
- Class IV drugs block calcium channels.
- Class III drugs prolong action potential.
Antianginal and Other Anti-Ischemic Drugs
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes reduced blood supply to the heart.
- Nitrates relax blood vessels, improving blood flow.
- Beta blockers decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Calcium channel blockers relax coronary arteries.
- Other anti-anginal drugs include potassium channel openers, metabolic modulators, and others.
Drugs for Peripheral Vascular Diseases
- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) can be occlusive or vasospastic.
- Cyclandelate is a general smooth muscle relaxant.
- Xanthinol nicotinate increases blood flow.
- Pentoxiphylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
- Antiplatelet drugs and vasodilators are used to treat PVDs.
Cardiovascular Drugs
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels: L-type (long lasting current) and T-type (transient current).
- Characteristics of each type of channel.
- Calcium channel blockers: phenylalkylamine (verapamil), benzothiazepine (diltiazem), dihydropyridines (nifedipine, etc.).
Antihypertensive Drugs
- Diuretics. (examples)
- Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. (examples)
- Beta blockers. (examples)
- Sympathetic inhibitors. (examples)
- ACE inhibitors. (examples)
- Angiotensin (AT1) receptor blockers. (examples)
- Direct renin inhibitor (examples)
- Calcium channel blockers. (examples)
- Vasodilators. (examples)
Blood
- Coagulants
- Anticoagulants
- Fibrinolytics/Thrombolytics
- Anti-fibrinolytics (examples)
- Anti-platelets
Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis
- Review of haemostatic, anticoagulant, and coagulant medications.
- Listing specific clotting factors.
Anticoagulants
- Classification of anticoagulants (in vitro, in vivo, indirect thrombin inhibitors, direct thrombin inhibitors, oral anticoagulants).
- Heparin.
- Low-molecular-weight heparins.
- Direct thrombin inhibitors. (examples)
- Coumarin derivatives (examples)
- Direct factor Xa inhibitors (examples).
Antiplatelet Drugs
- Antiplatelet drugs inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent blood clot formation.
- Aspirin inhibits thromboxane synthesis.
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. (example)
- Purinergic (P2Y12) receptor antagonists. (examples)
- Glycoprotein II/IIIa receptor antagonists. (examples)
Anti-Cancer Drugs
- Cytotoxic drugs
- Different classes of cytotoxic drugs. (examples)
CNS
- Anaesthetics and sedative hypnotics
- Anti-epileptics
- Anti-Parkinsonian drugs
- Anti-psychotic
- Anti-mania & bipolar disorder
- Anti-depressants
- Anti-anxiety
- Opioid analgesics
- CNS stimulants
- Cognition enhancers
GIT
- Drugs for peptic ulcer
- Anti-emetics
- Laxatives
- Anti-diarrhoeal
Respiratory System
- Cough suppressing drugs
- Bronchial asthma medications
Renal
- Diuretics
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- Osmotic diuretics
- Loop diuretics
- Thiazides
- K-sparing diuretics
- Anti-diuretics
Hypolipidemic Drugs
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins).
- Lipoprotein lipase activators (fibrates).
- Sterol absorption inhibitors.
- Bile acid sequestrants.
- Lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis inhibitors.
Other
- Anti-amoebic drugs
- Anti-helminthic
- Anti-fungal
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
