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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes electrical synapses from chemical synapses?

  • Electrical synapses are bidirectional. (correct)
  • Electrical synapses are unidirectional.
  • Electrical synapses allow for slower transmission.
  • Electrical synapses require neurotransmitters.
  • What occurs at the presynaptic membrane when an action potential reaches it at a chemical synapse?

  • Electrical potentials are transmitted to adjacent neurons.
  • Neurotransmitters directly bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
  • Calcium influx occurs, triggering exocytosis of vesicles. (correct)
  • Vesicles fuse and release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.
  • Which of the following neurotransmitter effects can lead to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

  • Direct activation of voltage-gated sodium channels.
  • Presence of Ca+ ions at the postsynaptic membrane.
  • Release of excitatory neurotransmitter.
  • Release of inhibitory neurotransmitter. (correct)
  • What is a key feature of the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>It is an example of a chemical synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of motor unit would you find small muscle fibers for fine motor control?

    <p>Small motor units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acetylcholine after its release into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>It binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is neurotransmitter release described at a chemical synapse?

    <p>It is quantal, occurring in discrete packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows neurotransmitters to cross the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Diffusion through the cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) primarily do to the postsynaptic cell?

    <p>Depolarize the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is classified as inhibitory?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of summation occurs when two or more presynaptic inputs arrive simultaneously on the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>Spatial summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of facilitation in synaptic activity?

    <p>To increase postsynaptic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following channels are involved in generating EPSPs?

    <p>Ligand gated Na+ and K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synaptic fatigue likely caused by?

    <p>Depletion of neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a substance be classified as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>It is synthesized and released during stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporal summation occurs when inputs arrive on the postsynaptic membrane in what manner?

    <p>In succession, overlapping each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the influx of sodium and efflux of potassium ions have on the end plate potential?

    <p>It increases the potential to -50 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs after acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor?

    <p>Conformational change in Na/K channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vesicles approximately are needed to reach the threshold depolarization of -50 mV?

    <p>100 vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase at the motor end plate?

    <p>To degrade acetylcholine into choline and acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of botulin toxin on skeletal muscle function?

    <p>It blocks transfer of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent competes with acetylcholine for binding to nicotinic receptors?

    <p>Curare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neostigmine is primarily used to treat which condition related to acetylcholine?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hemicholinium on acetylcholine?

    <p>Blocks the reuptake of choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor for the synthesis of norepinephrine?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is only found at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>Acetylcholineesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of neurons primarily secrete epinephrine?

    <p>Adrenergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a category of neurotransmitters listed?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the enzymes that can independently degrade biogenic amines?

    <p>Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is a common neurotransmitter that functions as an inhibitory signal in the central nervous system?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the degradation of norepinephrine?

    <p>3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is produced from tryptophan?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of monoamine oxidase in relation to serotonin?

    <p>Degrades serotonin in presynaptic terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory functions in the central nervous system?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glycine as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is GABA synthesized in the brain?

    <p>From glutamic acid using glutamic acid decarboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) is true?

    <p>It is synthesized from arginine by NO synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors does GABAa represent?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors allowing chloride influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT generated from an amino acid?

    <p>Nitric Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

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