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What characteristic distinguishes electrical synapses from chemical synapses?

Electrical synapses are bidirectional. (correct)

Electrical synapses are unidirectional.

Electrical synapses allow for slower transmission.

Electrical synapses require neurotransmitters.

What occurs at the presynaptic membrane when an action potential reaches it at a chemical synapse?

Electrical potentials are transmitted to adjacent neurons.

Neurotransmitters directly bind to the postsynaptic receptor.

Calcium influx occurs, triggering exocytosis of vesicles. (correct)

Vesicles fuse and release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

Which of the following neurotransmitter effects can lead to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

Direct activation of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Presence of Ca+ ions at the postsynaptic membrane.

Release of excitatory neurotransmitter.

Release of inhibitory neurotransmitter. (correct)

What is a key feature of the neuromuscular junction?

It is an example of a chemical synapse. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what type of motor unit would you find small muscle fibers for fine motor control?

Small motor units. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to acetylcholine after its release into the synaptic cleft?

It binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is neurotransmitter release described at a chemical synapse?

It is quantal, occurring in discrete packets. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows neurotransmitters to cross the synaptic cleft?

Diffusion through the cleft. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) primarily do to the postsynaptic cell?

Depolarize the cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is classified as inhibitory?

GABA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of summation occurs when two or more presynaptic inputs arrive simultaneously on the postsynaptic membrane?

Spatial summation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of facilitation in synaptic activity?

To increase postsynaptic response (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following channels are involved in generating EPSPs?

Ligand gated Na+ and K+ channels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptic fatigue likely caused by?

Depletion of neurotransmitter (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can a substance be classified as a neurotransmitter?

It is synthesized and released during stimulation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Temporal summation occurs when inputs arrive on the postsynaptic membrane in what manner?

In succession, overlapping each other (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the influx of sodium and efflux of potassium ions have on the end plate potential?

It increases the potential to -50 mV (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs after acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor?

Conformational change in Na/K channels (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many vesicles approximately are needed to reach the threshold depolarization of -50 mV?

100 vesicles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase at the motor end plate?

To degrade acetylcholine into choline and acetate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of botulin toxin on skeletal muscle function?

It blocks transfer of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which agent competes with acetylcholine for binding to nicotinic receptors?

Curare (D) Signup and view all the answers

Neostigmine is primarily used to treat which condition related to acetylcholine?

Myasthenia gravis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hemicholinium on acetylcholine?

Blocks the reuptake of choline (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor for the synthesis of norepinephrine?

Tyrosine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is only found at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane?

Acetylcholineesterase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of neurons primarily secrete epinephrine?

Adrenergic neurons (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a category of neurotransmitters listed?

Steroids (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the enzymes that can independently degrade biogenic amines?

Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a common neurotransmitter that functions as an inhibitory signal in the central nervous system?

Glycine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of the degradation of norepinephrine?

3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is produced from tryptophan?

Serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of monoamine oxidase in relation to serotonin?

Degrades serotonin in presynaptic terminals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory functions in the central nervous system?

Glutamate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glycine as a neurotransmitter?

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA synthesized in the brain?

From glutamic acid using glutamic acid decarboxylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) is true?

It is synthesized from arginine by NO synthase. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors does GABAa represent?

Ionotropic receptors allowing chloride influx (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT generated from an amino acid?

Nitric Oxide (D) Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes electrical synapses from chemical synapses?

What occurs at the presynaptic membrane when an action potential reaches it at a chemical synapse?

Which of the following neurotransmitter effects can lead to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

What is a key feature of the neuromuscular junction?

In what type of motor unit would you find small muscle fibers for fine motor control?

What happens to acetylcholine after its release into the synaptic cleft?

How is neurotransmitter release described at a chemical synapse?

Which process allows neurotransmitters to cross the synaptic cleft?

What do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) primarily do to the postsynaptic cell?

Which neurotransmitter is classified as inhibitory?

What type of summation occurs when two or more presynaptic inputs arrive simultaneously on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the primary function of facilitation in synaptic activity?

Which of the following channels are involved in generating EPSPs?

What is synaptic fatigue likely caused by?

How can a substance be classified as a neurotransmitter?

Temporal summation occurs when inputs arrive on the postsynaptic membrane in what manner?

What effect does the influx of sodium and efflux of potassium ions have on the end plate potential?

Which process occurs after acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor?

How many vesicles approximately are needed to reach the threshold depolarization of -50 mV?

What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase at the motor end plate?

What is the effect of botulin toxin on skeletal muscle function?

Which agent competes with acetylcholine for binding to nicotinic receptors?

Neostigmine is primarily used to treat which condition related to acetylcholine?

What is the primary effect of hemicholinium on acetylcholine?

What is the precursor for the synthesis of norepinephrine?

Which neurotransmitter is only found at the neuromuscular junction?

Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane?

What kind of neurons primarily secrete epinephrine?

Which of the following is not a category of neurotransmitters listed?

What are the enzymes that can independently degrade biogenic amines?

Which amino acid is a common neurotransmitter that functions as an inhibitory signal in the central nervous system?

What is the final product of the degradation of norepinephrine?

Which neurotransmitter is produced from tryptophan?

What is the role of monoamine oxidase in relation to serotonin?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory functions in the central nervous system?

What is the effect of glycine as a neurotransmitter?

How is GABA synthesized in the brain?

Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) is true?

Which type of receptors does GABAa represent?

Which neurotransmitter is NOT generated from an amino acid?

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