8th Grade Social Science: Intro to History

• Study notes for Grade 8 Social Science

Introduction to History

• History involves studying people and their past actions, motivations, and consequences
• History encompasses time and events, ranging from yesterday to thousands of years ago
• History aids in understanding past errors to avoid repetition, while also shedding light on positive occurrences
• Examining different records created about past events and gathering as much information as possible is key

Why Study History

• Studying history fosters understanding and appreciation for diverse societies' pasts and lifestyles
• Studying history helps us understand today and plan for the future
• Studying history enables the avoidance of repeating past errors

How to Study History

• Sources for studying history include written, pictorial/visual, material/archaeological, and oral
• Written sources are printed or written information such as books, magazines, newspapers, diaries, official reports and research papers
• Pictorial/visual sources uses pictures such as photographs, videos, maps and diagrams, drawings and paintings, rocks
• Material/Archaeological sources are physical obtects made by people in the past such as Ruins of buildings, tools and weapons, coins and pieces of pottery
• Oral sources is information passed on through speaking such as interviews, eyewitness, folks stories, myths, songs

Studying History and Sources

• Primary sources are original, firsthand written accounts, or artifacts created during the period or event such as eye witness report, diaries, letters, speeches and official report
• Secondary sources interpret primary sources such as history textbooks, newspapers and documentaries

Primary vs Secondary Sources

• Primary sources are original and first-hand, dating back to the event, and is hard to exaggerate
• Secondary sources are prone to inaccuracy, bias and dependency on memory
• Both primary and secondary sources should be supported with other sources

Basic historian skills

• Recording involves documenting past and present information
• Analysis involves interpreting recorded events to understand causality and effects
• Interviewing gathers information from people who remember past events
• Research is conducted by finding information in old documents, like diaries and court reports

Time in History

• A timeline is a list of events in chronological order
• Time can be measured by decades (ten years), centuries (hundred years), and millennia (thousand years)
• BC (Before Christ) means the years before the birth of Christ
• AD (Anno Domini) signifies years after Christ's birth, which is also known as the year of our Lord

Objectivity in History

• Historians seek objectivity, avoiding subjectivity
• Objective views avoid influence from personal feeling or beliefs, and consider the facts
• Subjective views uses personal feeling and potentially ignores some facts

Heritage Defined

• Heritage encompasses valuable aspects of a nation, including culture, buildings, paintings, sites, plants, rocks, landscapes, art, documents, and rituals
• Additionally, heritage refers to the experiences and systems left by people in the past

Namibian Heritage

• Namibia has two World Heritage sites: Twyfelfontein and the Namib Sand Sea
• Well known National Heritage Sites in Namibia include Brandberg National Heritage Site, Sam Khubis Battlefield,Appolo 11 Cave , The Petrified Forest and the Quiver Tree Forest
• Heritage sites create national identity, helping people appriciate and remember the past,
• Heritage sites also attract tourists which helps increase revenue and generate jobs for the community

Namibia During The 19th Century: Political Organization

• The Ovaherero lived in independent clans that voted chiefs into power
• 19th century chiefs emerged from families of power, and the elected chief ruled together with his brothers
• Nama communities include lineages which don't believe in land ownership, and is made up of hundreds of thousands of people
• Kaptein is the community of lineage, and was helped by leaders and the whole community
• Oorlam were Khoekhoe people from Cape Colony that came to Namibia after 1790
• Groups of 500-600 Oorlams were called commandos
• The Oorlam groups were led by Kaptein groups, who wanted to control land and resources

Alliance of Central Namibian Leaders in 1858

• The Namibian groups came together because they were tired of fighting
• Kahitjene and Tjamuaha created union similar to state
• Alliance had a peace treaty in 1885 and the following conditions:
• Tjamuaha and Kahitjene had to move their kraals from Okahandja to Windhoek
• Jonker Afrikaner promised that their cattle would not be raided
• Herero groups were given rifles to aid the Oorlam
• Ovaherero aided Nama due to landscape knowledge
• Agreement to cooperate with cattle from the Herero groups

The First Multicultural State

• Multicultural state fostered prosperity, and all trade was strictly controlled
• In 1844, Jonker built roads towards Auas Mountains, and organized trade fairs in Windhoek
• Jonker demanded toll taxes and payments from European traders
• Hoachanas in 1858 established the peace treaty which stated that all communities could sell mining rights with agreement from other chiefs
• After the death of Tjamuaha in 1861 children succeeded him before the communities declined

Kingdoms in the North: Rulers

• Kingdoms needed kings to prevent land disputes
• Headmen led groups too small to maintain kings
• Wealthier groups had kings

Power of Kings

• Kings controlled land, water, family, labor, farming and produce
• Each year families sent tributes of food to the chief to increase wealth
• King determined who was guilty in conflict
• King decides the initiation for young people to adulthood, and led celebrations when cattle returned from grazing

Interactions and Trades

• Interaction and trade between groups include economic (trade), political (war treaties) and socials
• Nama and Oorlam diminished by the 19th century with similar lifestyles
• All the group had horses and guns and were engaging in trade for Europeans
• The groups hunted

Ovaherero

• Jonker Afrikaner joined and allied with groups, whose Oorlan lifestyle is different in the following ways:
• Used to European goods, guns and dresses and have traditional clothes
• Owned wild fruits and milk and owned cattle
• Mixed farming system was economic trading system that cultivate crops and raise livestock
• The system cultivated crops with reliable water, and could be used raising livestock such as goats
• Economic systems include herding and fishing
• Local trade took place with households, where the houses traded foods trade in metal mainly took place in iron ore
• They cultivated crops such as millets, sorghum, beans, nuts, melons, pumpkins etc

Produced Commodities

• The goods made include Salt, vegetables, and corns
• They traded pots, ivory/tusks and hoes, axes, knives
• Mineral material

Trade in Rifles

• Warfare changed with the use of guns, and many people were killed in between communities
• Guns could kill animals who could extract ivory
• Guns could control areas of land by having rifles and land deposits
• Hunting became easier with the use of guns
• Elephants were harvested to trade and protect them from predators

Trade in other goods

• People sold access and wealth to buy alcohol
• The people were becoming drunkards
• Social evils and alcohol abuse increased leading to mental health issues
• The people became traders who sold alcohol
• Some people were employed to sell alcohol to Namibians

Trade Effects

• The other goods such as clothes led to Namibians in debt
• Traders started taking the livestock payment
• People lost skills and tools to produce clothes for themselves.
• Cattle raids increased

New Trade Dependece

• Namibians became too dependent on trade for European goods
• To pay for debts, Namibians traded on credit.
• This caused people to clothe and feed themselves with balanced diets

Topic 2: European interests in Namibia

• The Europeans that arrived were Portuguese, Missionaries, Settlers, Soldiers and Traders
• The Portuguese were the only settlers to discover Namibian coastlines at 1440s
• Missionaries came to Namibia to set up schools, health centers and spread beliefs
• Settlers came because of the Industrial Revolution, creating a population growth
• The German Settlers came with soldiers and built European towns with soldier and traders
• Solders were used to fight indigenous populations

Reasons the German Came to Namibia

• To be a new market for factory goods and new natural resources such as ivory
• To use labor to work mines and farms
• They wanted settlement and farm land
• To extend their colony

Term Colonial

• Colonial rule is the system of government the colonial power uses to take leagl control

German Colonization

• Namibians lost autonomy and land
• Namibians were raped, forced to work and cattle was beat

Protection Treaties

• Treaty leadership included Joseph Fredricks, Piet Haibib , Hermanus Van Wyk, Chief Maharero and Cornelius Swartbooi
• Nama under Hendrik Witbooi constantly attacked and signed protection treaty to protect themselves
• German authorities were to recognize authorities and protect Nama
• If German is not honored then indigenous groups will break treaties and fight Germans

German Protectors

• Germans benefit treaties, land protection and exploiting mineral resources
• Germany gained wealth with cattle from those who signed

Resistance is defined as refusing to give in to a foreign power

• Hendrik Witbooi, Samuel Maharero,Chiefs Nikodemus Kambahahiza, Bondelswarts and Jakob Marengo were indigenous leaders
• Maharero cancelled treaty because the Germans overbuilt the graveyand and didn't give protection

German Troops

• New treaty had British rights from mining that German disagreed with
• Curt Von Francois was the charge of German South West Africa
• Germany was concerned from outside competition
• At show of force Maharero had protection treaty with the Germans in 1880

New Alliances

• Nama and Herero signed treaty to weaken German
• Reason 250 extra soldiers were sent to Germany for power

Traditional customs Changing Patterns

• The indigenous realized if German protection was accepted then people would lose what they have
• Witbooi said, they did not need anyone for protection and German would colonize

Traditional German Authority

• Used negotiation power
• Led to war and used violence

Witbooi Surrender

• Moves back to Gibeon and could keep 22,000 km
• Troops could be stationed for Germany
• Soldiers of Witbooi should help crush other rebellion

The rise against Leaders

• Loss of land led to Mbanderu lost land to German between 184 and 1896
• Khauas people were against treaty and their leader Andreas would not hand over trade agreement

Impact of tribes

• It showed Namibians were not happy
• Under after the rising the people were taken

New Tribal Leaders

• leutwein convinced tribes

Land

• Leaders did not follow

The Hereros

• Herero uprising in 1904 was years of a buildup of Colonial rule.
• The conflict stemmed from lost cattle where confinscation came from white people
• The colonial were violent and raped German which led to women being killed
• To prevent attacks and keep him in power, Chief Samuel Maharero gave land to German leaders
• Germany forced a punishment where Germans took land

The Order

• The Extermination Order from Germany, which led to the Herero being captured

Effects of the War

• Herero died from thirst and exhaustion
• Some had to get help and labor
• Some women prostituted themselves
• Disease outbreaks and women were raped The Nama vs Germany
• The Nama were angry about the loss of land and colonization
• Witbol didn’t like the way they treated the Herero

Naming of war and peace

• thousands of Nama were taken into camps where people died from disease or being killed
• Jacob Marengo and Hendrik Witbooi died in war
• Many Nama ended up in concentration camps

Conflicts

• Nama lost land
• There were multiple different people groups that stood against them

Aftermath and After Effects

• Many Namibian lost their land and cattle
• This let thousands of German settles and Boer farmers come to Namibia

South African Military and Law

• The South Africa took leadership and land
• The military controlled Union of South Africa till 1990

German Law

• No African was able to own land
• Africans changed culture and some were scattered
• Some had limited power

1909-1915 German Adminsitration

• Half of Namibia was put under direct control, to be known as the Police Zone
• The area not controlled was to be known as reserves
• In addition, German forced racial law codes known as racial segregation, which Aimed this laws was to keep separate people

German Rule

• Schools was only used by native population that separated them
• Under German rule, they did not allow native to own the land
• Racial law existed that had different structures for people
• Africans went under German Jurisdiction

African Measure

• Africans had to give up labor and sell their jobs to settlers
• After a while Africans lost their culture and had to take settlers jobs

How the Administration Undertook Promoting Economic Development

• Settlers could by direct from German and build economy They had to work their colonial
• German helped them through with loans helping with wealth
• More and more settlers arrived to the chance
• They could mine for land

Settlement under the Following Terms

• The administration would confiscate and use for resources of the land
• Copper and tin mining, 1986
• In 1998 Zachary, first discovered, led to Diamond mining

The trading with Rich Farmer

• Rich farmer ran commercial farms, sold their produce and made huge profits.
• German brother established trading in Okahandja
• They became pioneer
• They wanted cheap labor

European Government

• They wanted to impose taxers
• The two types impose was hit tax for huts
• They were forced to seeking government, such as German, mining and rail ways

Since people has lost their land, all means of survival were gone

People were signed up

• Workers were to be contracted and sign
• Most workers and some would only last a period
• Miners had more difficult and dangerous condictions
• Workers were very hard conditions that ended to be not healthy

African Owned Cattle and Horses

• Africans cattle and horses were taken which changed their style

South African Military Rule After 1915-1920

• Since African were in turmoil, Africans could not compete
• The war saw Britian want to attack Africa
• 1915 the army attack the battle of Otavi
• 1925 July, Dr Setiz Surrendered to Louice Botha at Otavi
• A pact signed that took place that the South West Africa and Union control til the end of decmber 1919

Society Power

• A body that is called the league of nation world decide territory
• After war a body called League of Nations would decide on the territory
• Since Africans could not stop a civil war or stop the German
• They need to be protected
• In order for all these thinigs to happen ,the South Africa law had to the law

Law was needed

• A law that indigenous could not be rebellion against Africa was not to take it over as its over
• As a matter a fact