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Questions and Answers

Which number system was first suggested by Ada, Countess of Lovelace for data representation inside computers?

  • Hexadecimal
  • Octal
  • Decimal
  • Binary (correct)

    • ASCII uses eight bits for its character encoding.

    False (B)

    Why are multiple benchmarks used instead of one single 'best' benchmark?

  • All benchmarks are outdated.
  • It is impossible to create a single benchmark.
  • Different benchmarks measure different performance aspects. (correct)
  • Users prefer variety in benchmarking.

    • What is the primary advantage of using variable length codes in data representation?

    <p>Significant saving in space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Huffman Coding is a method used for ____ in variable length codes.

    <p>data compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Computer A can have higher MIPS but take longer to execute a program than computer B.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following coding systems with their characteristics:

    <p>ASCII = Uses seven bits with no gaps in numeric values EBCDIC = Used primarily on IBM systems Huffman Coding = Technique for data compression Binary = Base-2 number system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a program takes 1,000,000 cycles and the CPU has a CPI of 40, how many instructions were executed?

    <p>25000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is calculated by dividing the number of instructions by the number of cycles.

    <p>IPC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of using variable length codes rather than fixed length codes?

    <p>Increased processing time to decode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one benefit of ASCII as a standard for communications.

    <p>All ASCII characters fit into one byte which ensures data integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the benchmark to its score before improvement:

    <p>64.gzip = 10 175.vpr = 14 176.gcc = 23 181.mcf = 36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EBCDIC is the dominant character encoding used on microcomputers.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geometric mean useful for in the context of benchmarking?

    <p>Finding the central tendency when dealing with percentage changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arithmetic mean of scores 10, 12, and 14?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All data must be converted to machine-readable form for a computer to process it.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common field in an instruction format?

    <p>Status field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Existing software benchmarks can potentially hinder radical innovations in ISA design.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical bit sizes of single and double precision floating point numbers?

    <p>Single precision is 32-bit and double precision is 64-bit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An operand is a value that an instruction operates on, commonly referred to as a ______.

    <p>value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the operand types with their characteristics:

    <p>Integers = 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit sizes Binary-coded decimal = Single decimal digit occupies half a byte Strings = Variable-length strings of bytes Vectors = Fixed or variable length arrays of primitive types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CPU organization is NOT mentioned?

    <p>Single Register organization (A), Stack-based organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instruction formats must always be of variable length.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an address field in an instruction?

    <p>To contain the location of the operand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    ASCII Code

    A character encoding standard using 7 bits, fitting into 1 byte for data integrity, with consecutive codes for easy validation.

    EBCDIC Code

    Another character encoding standard, commonly used on larger IBM and compatible systems.

    Variable Length Codes

    A coding method where characters can have different lengths, saving space but requiring a method to separate them.

    Hoffman Coding

    A technique for variable length codes, assigning shorter codes to frequently occurring characters.

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    Number Base

    A set of symbols used to represent numbers in a number system.

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    Decimal System

    The number system using ten symbols (0-9).

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    Binary System

    A number system using two symbols (0 and 1), used in computers.

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    Data Integrity

    Ensuring accuracy and completeness of data during transmission and storage.

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    Operand

    A value that an instruction operates on.

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    Instruction Format

    The structure of an instruction, defining its fields and their purposes.

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    Operation Field

    Specifies the operation to be performed by the instruction (like addition, subtraction, etc.).

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    Address Field

    Contains the location of the operand, indicating where the data is stored (register or memory).

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    Mode Field

    Specifies how the operand is to be found (e.g., directly in a register or calculated from a memory address).

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    Single Accumulator Organization

    A CPU organization where instructions operate on a single accumulator register, simplifying addressing.

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    General Register Organization

    A CPU organization with multiple general-purpose registers, allowing for more flexible data manipulation.

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    Instruction Length

    The number of bytes required to represent an instruction in memory, determined by the instruction format.

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    Why multiple benchmarks?

    Different benchmarks test different aspects of a computer's performance. Focusing on one 'best' benchmark might overlook important strengths or weaknesses.

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    MIPS vs. Execution Time

    A higher MIPS score means more instructions executed per second. But, execution time depends on the program's complexity, which impacts how many cycles each instruction needs.

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    Cycles and CPI

    CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) tells us how many clock cycles are needed for each instruction. Multiplying CPI by the number of instructions gives us the total number of cycles.

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    Calculate Instructions

    Divide the total number of cycles by the CPI to find the number of instructions executed.

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    IPC (Instructions Per Cycle)

    IPC measures how many instructions are executed in a single clock cycle. A higher IPC indicates more efficient use of the processor.

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    Arithmetic Mean

    Average of a set of numbers: sum all numbers, then divide by the quantity of numbers.

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    Geometric Mean

    Average that considers the product of all numbers in a set. Multiply all numbers, take the root of the product equal to the quantity of numbers.

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    Benchmark Interpretation

    Analyzing benchmark scores before and after improvement helps understand the impact of changes on program performance. The geometric mean indicates overall performance change.

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    Study Notes

    Module 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

    • Computer systems encompass hardware, software, and architecture.
    • Understanding computer performance is key to software development.
    • Bus interconnection structures connect computer components.
    • Computer architecture is crucial for software programmers.
    • Computer architecture details are complex but necessary for comprehensive understanding.
    • Programmers need to know the basics of how components work together and their impact on software.

    Lesson 1: Computer Architecture

    • A vital course required for all computer science programmers.
    • Understanding how programs affect hardware is essential for software developers.
    • Knowledge of hardware details, such as memory and timing, is necessary.
    • Studying computer architecture helps programmers improve program efficiency in embedded systems.
    • Learning and mastering computer architecture is challenging.

    Lesson 2: Components of a Computer System (Processor, Memory, Input/Output)

    • A computer is an electronic device manipulating data for desired output format.
    • Input devices accept data, storage unit stores and processes, and output devices provide results.
    • A computer's central units include storage, communication channels, control, and processing.
    • The control unit manages data flow between all devices, coordinating system operations.
    • Input and output, storage, communication and processing are the five fundamental components.

    Lesson 2: The Von Neumann Model

    • John Von Neumann was pioneer in computer development.
    • Stored programs are a key aspect of Von Neumann architecture (instructions and data stored together).
    • A program counter tracks the next instruction for execution, simplifying storage and retrieving.
    • Modern computers use CPUs, memory, and I/O units to perform various computations.

    Lesson 3: The System Bus Model

    • A computer system bus acts as communication pathway among all devices to exchange data.
    • The system bus is made up of data, address, control, and power buses, with separate I/O buses in some architectures.
    • The system bus helps to minimize cost and improve the modularity and efficiency of computers.

    Lesson 4: Levels of Abstraction (Levels of Machines)

    • Computer systems are defined by abstract layers ranging from user-level to device-level.
    • The lowest level involves digital logic, followed by transistors, logic gates, etc, up to the user level.
    • Understanding each level is vital for a comprehensive understanding of a computer and its design.
    • The user level involves application programs, and successively lower levels specify implementation details.

    Lesson 5: Evolution of Computers

    • Computer development is primarily based on technology such as vacuum tubes, relays, transistors, and integrated circuits.
    • Generations of computers distinguish between hardware technologies.
    • First generation computers used vacuum tubes.
    • Second generation computers used transistors.
    • Third generation computers introduced integrated circuits.
    • Fourth generation computers saw the invention of the microprocessor.
    • Fifth generation computers are characterized by artificial intelligence.

    Lesson 6: Measuring Performance

    • Computer performance is measured by execution time.
    • MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) was an early metric based on the number of instructions per second.
    • CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) and IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) use clock cycles for computation.
    • Benchmark suites provide a broader measure of computer performance comparing various programs.
    • Effective performance is evaluated using execution time, MIPS, IPC, and benchmark suites.

    Module 2: Machine Representation of Numbers and Characters

    • Data is represented digitally, with 0 and 1 (bits).
    • Different data types use various binary representations (e.g., numbers, alphabetic characters).
    • Number systems (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) perform conversion between numeral systems.
    • BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) is a way to represent decimal numbers in binary form.
    • EBCDIC and ASCII are commonly used data representations for letters, characters.

    Lesson 3: Instruction Set Architecture

    • Defines the set of commands a computer's processor can execute.
    • Instructions have operations, addresses, and modes to specify what to do and how to access data.
    • Different instruction types define the manner in which a machine performs various tasks.
    • The concept of addressing modes helps to explain how operands are specified and referenced by instructions.
    • Instruction types include data movement, arithmetic, and logical instructions, as well as the controls for the program sequencing and subroutines.

    Lesson 4: Addressing Modes

    • Addressing modes determine how to locate the operands of an instruction.
    • Common modes include immediate, direct, indirect, register, base register, relative, index.
    • Different addressing modes have different advantages and are suited for various computations and situations.

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