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Questions and Answers

Which number system was first suggested by Ada, Countess of Lovelace for data representation inside computers?

  • Hexadecimal
  • Octal
  • Decimal
  • Binary (correct)
  • ASCII uses eight bits for its character encoding.

    False

    Why are multiple benchmarks used instead of one single 'best' benchmark?

  • All benchmarks are outdated.
  • It is impossible to create a single benchmark.
  • Different benchmarks measure different performance aspects. (correct)
  • Users prefer variety in benchmarking.
  • What is the primary advantage of using variable length codes in data representation?

    <p>Significant saving in space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Huffman Coding is a method used for ____ in variable length codes.

    <p>data compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Computer A can have higher MIPS but take longer to execute a program than computer B.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following coding systems with their characteristics:

    <p>ASCII = Uses seven bits with no gaps in numeric values EBCDIC = Used primarily on IBM systems Huffman Coding = Technique for data compression Binary = Base-2 number system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a program takes 1,000,000 cycles and the CPU has a CPI of 40, how many instructions were executed?

    <p>25000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is calculated by dividing the number of instructions by the number of cycles.

    <p>IPC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of using variable length codes rather than fixed length codes?

    <p>Increased processing time to decode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one benefit of ASCII as a standard for communications.

    <p>All ASCII characters fit into one byte which ensures data integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the benchmark to its score before improvement:

    <p>64.gzip = 10 175.vpr = 14 176.gcc = 23 181.mcf = 36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EBCDIC is the dominant character encoding used on microcomputers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geometric mean useful for in the context of benchmarking?

    <p>Finding the central tendency when dealing with percentage changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arithmetic mean of scores 10, 12, and 14?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All data must be converted to machine-readable form for a computer to process it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common field in an instruction format?

    <p>Status field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Existing software benchmarks can potentially hinder radical innovations in ISA design.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical bit sizes of single and double precision floating point numbers?

    <p>Single precision is 32-bit and double precision is 64-bit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An operand is a value that an instruction operates on, commonly referred to as a ______.

    <p>value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the operand types with their characteristics:

    <p>Integers = 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit sizes Binary-coded decimal = Single decimal digit occupies half a byte Strings = Variable-length strings of bytes Vectors = Fixed or variable length arrays of primitive types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CPU organization is NOT mentioned?

    <p>Single Register organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instruction formats must always be of variable length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an address field in an instruction?

    <p>To contain the location of the operand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

    • Computer systems encompass hardware, software, and architecture.
    • Understanding computer performance is key to software development.
    • Bus interconnection structures connect computer components.
    • Computer architecture is crucial for software programmers.
    • Computer architecture details are complex but necessary for comprehensive understanding.
    • Programmers need to know the basics of how components work together and their impact on software.

    Lesson 1: Computer Architecture

    • A vital course required for all computer science programmers.
    • Understanding how programs affect hardware is essential for software developers.
    • Knowledge of hardware details, such as memory and timing, is necessary.
    • Studying computer architecture helps programmers improve program efficiency in embedded systems.
    • Learning and mastering computer architecture is challenging.

    Lesson 2: Components of a Computer System (Processor, Memory, Input/Output)

    • A computer is an electronic device manipulating data for desired output format.
    • Input devices accept data, storage unit stores and processes, and output devices provide results.
    • A computer's central units include storage, communication channels, control, and processing.
    • The control unit manages data flow between all devices, coordinating system operations.
    • Input and output, storage, communication and processing are the five fundamental components.

    Lesson 2: The Von Neumann Model

    • John Von Neumann was pioneer in computer development.
    • Stored programs are a key aspect of Von Neumann architecture (instructions and data stored together).
    • A program counter tracks the next instruction for execution, simplifying storage and retrieving.
    • Modern computers use CPUs, memory, and I/O units to perform various computations.

    Lesson 3: The System Bus Model

    • A computer system bus acts as communication pathway among all devices to exchange data.
    • The system bus is made up of data, address, control, and power buses, with separate I/O buses in some architectures.
    • The system bus helps to minimize cost and improve the modularity and efficiency of computers.

    Lesson 4: Levels of Abstraction (Levels of Machines)

    • Computer systems are defined by abstract layers ranging from user-level to device-level.
    • The lowest level involves digital logic, followed by transistors, logic gates, etc, up to the user level.
    • Understanding each level is vital for a comprehensive understanding of a computer and its design.
    • The user level involves application programs, and successively lower levels specify implementation details.

    Lesson 5: Evolution of Computers

    • Computer development is primarily based on technology such as vacuum tubes, relays, transistors, and integrated circuits.
    • Generations of computers distinguish between hardware technologies.
    • First generation computers used vacuum tubes.
    • Second generation computers used transistors.
    • Third generation computers introduced integrated circuits.
    • Fourth generation computers saw the invention of the microprocessor.
    • Fifth generation computers are characterized by artificial intelligence.

    Lesson 6: Measuring Performance

    • Computer performance is measured by execution time.
    • MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) was an early metric based on the number of instructions per second.
    • CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) and IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) use clock cycles for computation.
    • Benchmark suites provide a broader measure of computer performance comparing various programs.
    • Effective performance is evaluated using execution time, MIPS, IPC, and benchmark suites.

    Module 2: Machine Representation of Numbers and Characters

    • Data is represented digitally, with 0 and 1 (bits).
    • Different data types use various binary representations (e.g., numbers, alphabetic characters).
    • Number systems (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) perform conversion between numeral systems.
    • BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) is a way to represent decimal numbers in binary form.
    • EBCDIC and ASCII are commonly used data representations for letters, characters.

    Lesson 3: Instruction Set Architecture

    • Defines the set of commands a computer's processor can execute.
    • Instructions have operations, addresses, and modes to specify what to do and how to access data.
    • Different instruction types define the manner in which a machine performs various tasks.
    • The concept of addressing modes helps to explain how operands are specified and referenced by instructions.
    • Instruction types include data movement, arithmetic, and logical instructions, as well as the controls for the program sequencing and subroutines.

    Lesson 4: Addressing Modes

    • Addressing modes determine how to locate the operands of an instruction.
    • Common modes include immediate, direct, indirect, register, base register, relative, index.
    • Different addressing modes have different advantages and are suited for various computations and situations.

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