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Questions and Answers

What are the dates of the Classical era?

1750-1820

What are the dates of the Romantic era?

1820-1900

What are the dates of the Impressionistic era?

1880-1920

What are the dates of the Modern era?

<p>1900-2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Classical style?

<p>Symmetry, balance, memorable melodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the inspiration for Impressionism in music?

<p>Art in Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three Classical composers.

<p>Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name four Romantic composers.

<p>Brahms, Schubert, Schumann, Berlioz</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two Impressionist composers.

<p>Debussy, Ravel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name some Modernist composers.

<p>Schoenberg, Cage, Ives, Copland, Wagner, Verdi</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaced the harpsichord?

<p>Piano</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Beethoven's reactions to his deafness?

<p>Composed but did not play, suicidal, isolated himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the importance of Vienna during the music era?

<p>Classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the importance of Paris during the music era?

<p>Impressionists</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title is Haydn known for in relation to chamber music?

<p>The Father of the String Quartet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What musical eras did Beethoven transition between?

<p>Classical and Romantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the sonata allegro form.

<p>Composition, Development, Recap</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the status of Romantic composers change compared to earlier composers?

<p>Music was art therefore they were artists</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the qualities of harmony in the music of the Romantic era?

<p>Chromatic harmonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Wagner's concept of Gesamtkunstwerk?

<p>Total work of art</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did dramaturgy play in Verdi's operas?

<p>In operas (conflict)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the Rondo form.

<p>A B A C A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Liszt known for in the piano music world?

<p>Virtuoso on piano</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Lieder (art songs)?

<p>Solo piano, solo voice, text based on poetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Copland utilize space in his compositions?

<p>He used open scoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a libretto?

<p>Text or the words of an opera</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name some types of program music.

<p>Program symphony, chromatic overture, tone poem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Berlioz's contributions to Romantic music.

<p>Romantic composer, music critic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a leitmotif?

<p>A motive representing something else, used by Wagner</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of 12 tone composition?

<p>Schoenberg wrote 12 tone music, derived from chromatic scale, no key center</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some influences on the Romantic era?

<p>Shakespeare, tragic love, nature, supernatural, myths</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polytonality?

<p>2 or more different keys at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Robert Schumann's contributions to music.

<p>Romantic composer, bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is program music in the Romantic era?

<p>Tells a story/event, always instrumental</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Impressionism in music react?

<p>Reacting to loud heavy German music</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Beethoven influence the scope of the symphony?

<p>He expanded the orchestra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized Brahms' style as 'classical'?

<p>He avoided program music, absolute music</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name some Romantic opera composers.

<p>Wagner, Verdi, Berlioz, Liszt, Schumann, Schubert</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of chamber music?

<p>Small group of musicians, smaller audience, smaller room</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Bel Canto opera?

<p>Italy, beautiful vocal melodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Impressionistic music?

<p>Reacting to loud heavy German music, influenced by art</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rubato mean?

<p>Robbed time, changes in tempo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the premiere of Stravinsky's 'Rite of Spring'?

<p>Started a riot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Clara Wieck?

<p>Composer and performer, friends with Brahms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instrument did Liszt choose to perform?

<p>Piano</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Bayreuth Festival Theater?

<p>Built for Wagner, Wagner performed there</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the orchestra play in Wagner's operas?

<p>Increased its role, orchestra = truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Chopin's country of birth?

<p>Poland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Liszt's final career move?

<p>Ordained priest, creates religious music</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Clara Schumann's life?

<p>R. Schumann sues her father, marries R. Schumann</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical Romantic ideals expressed in Schubert's 'Erlkönig'?

<p>Lied, love involved, supernatural, expressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prima donna mean in romantic opera?

<p>Lead female role in opera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Heiligenstadt Testament?

<p>Beethoven's testament, his music prevented his suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Era

  • Duration: 1750-1820.
  • Emphasized symmetry, balance, and memorable melodies.
  • Major composers include Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn.
  • Vienna was a central hub for Classical music.

Romantic Era

  • Duration: 1820-1900.
  • Characteristics include an emphasis on expressive emotion and chromatic harmonies.
  • Notable composers: Brahms, Schubert, Schumann, and Berlioz.
  • Music became a form of art, elevating composers to artist status.

Impressionistic Era

  • Duration: 1880-1920.
  • Sparked by artistic movements in Paris, favoring atmosphere and mood in music.
  • Composers known for Impressionism include Debussy and Ravel.
  • Used short motives, woodwinds, brass, and whole tone scales as stylistic features.

Modern Era

  • Duration: 1900-2000.
  • Focused on innovation and experimentation in musical form and structure.
  • Key composers: Schoenberg, Cage, Ives, Copland, and Stravinsky.

Key Developments in Music

  • The piano replaced the harpsichord as the dominant keyboard instrument.
  • Beethoven's deafness led him to compose in isolation, significantly impacting his creative output.
  • Sonata-allegro form structure consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation with optional coda and introduction.
  • Program music narrates a story or event, while absolute music focuses solely on musical form without external references.

Important Works and Innovations

  • Wagner's use of leitmotifs represented characters or themes in his operas, contributing to the total work of art concept.
  • Berlioz, noted for his tragic personal experiences, combined his life stories with music, contributing to Romantic music's emotional depth.
  • The premiere of Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" caused a public uproar, marking a pivotal moment in modern music history.

Influential Figures and Their Contributions

  • Liszt was a virtuoso pianist and innovator of the piano recital format.
  • Clara Schumann, a prominent composer and performer, was notable for her virtuosic talents and support of her husband, Robert Schumann.
  • Brahms is recognized for his return to absolute music, avoiding programmatic elements in favor of structured forms.

Characteristics of Specific Musical Forms

  • Rondo form follows A B A C A structure, creating a cyclical feel.
  • Lieder (art songs) feature a solo voice accompanied by piano, often based on poetic texts.
  • Chamber music is characterized by smaller ensembles, intimate performance settings, and a more exclusive audience dynamic.

Cultural and Thematic Influences

  • Romantic music drew from a variety of influences including Shakespeare, nature, and myths, broadening its thematic scope.
  • The use of polytonality involves multiple keys being played simultaneously, expanding harmonic possibilities in modern compositions.

Notable Contextual Elements

  • The importance of Paris during the Impressionist period fostered innovation in art and music.
  • The Bayreuth Festival Theater was built specifically for Wagner and represented a significant development in opera performance venues.

Psychological and Social Influences

  • Robert Schumann's struggles with bipolar disorder influenced his music profoundly, reflecting both personal turmoil and creative genius.
  • Clara Schumann's marriage to Robert involved overcoming familial opposition, highlighting the personal challenges faced by women in the arts.

Summary of Notable Music Practices

  • Rubato allows for flexible tempo within a piece, adding emotional depth.
  • The significance of the harpsichord's replacement by the piano marked a shift in musical performance practices.
  • The status of composers evolved considerably during the Romantic era, with many considered artists in their own right rather than mere entertainers.

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