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Questions and Answers

What does the autonomic nervous system exert control over?

  • Cardiac muscle contraction (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle contraction
  • Glandular activity (correct)
  • Smooth muscle contraction (correct)

What is the major division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Central nervous system (CNS)

What is the response initiated under conditions of stress called?

Fight-or-flight response

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated under non-stressful conditions?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major division of the nervous system that comprises all nervous tissue outside the CNS?

<p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response called that is initiated under non-stressful conditions?

<p>Rest-and-digest response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system consists of nerves providing voluntary control over skeletal muscle?

<p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system is activated under conditions of stress?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the juncture along the nerve that the action potential travels along?

<p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the synapse that occurs outside the CNS called?

<p>Ganglionic synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the nerve carrying the impulse that exits the spinal cord?

<p>Preganglionic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve called that is on the other side of the ganglionic synapse, waiting to receive the impulse?

<p>Postganglionic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that propagates a signal from one cell to another via a synapse?

<p>Synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Norepinephrine (NE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary neurotransmitter is also part of the autonomic nervous system, often associated with the rest-and-digest response?

<p>Acetylcholine (Ach)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of agents does norepinephrine belong to?

<p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are found at the ends of postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

<p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

<p>Alpha receptors and Beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme destroys norepinephrine that is not returned to the vesicles for future use?

<p>Monoamine oxidase (MAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call nerves that release acetylcholine?

<p>Cholinergic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are receptors for acetylcholine in the ganglia called?

<p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of acetylcholine receptors are affected by some medications and resemble a poisonous mushroom?

<p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme rapidly destroys acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

<p>Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system called?

<p>Sympathomimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adrenergic antagonists also known as?

<p>Sympatholytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Parasympathomimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes agents that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is characterized by the destruction of nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle?

<p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key point about the peripheral nervous system?

<p>It is divided into a somatic portion under voluntary control and an autonomic portion that is involuntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It causes symptoms of the fight-or-flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Controls involuntary actions such as contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles, along with glandular activity.
  • Comprises two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Major division comprising the brain and spinal cord, serving as the control center for the body.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Encompasses all nervous tissue outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons.

Sympathetic Nervous System

  • Activated during stress, leading to the fight-or-flight response, which prepares the body for immediate action.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Functions under non-stressful conditions, promoting the rest-and-digest response to enhance bodily maintenance activities.

Fight-or-Flight Response

  • Initiated under stress, allowing the body to respond quickly to threats or emergencies.

Rest-and-Digest Response

  • Characteristic response of the parasympathetic system, emphasizing relaxation and energy conservation.

Somatic Nervous System

  • Responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles, enabling movement and coordination.

Synapse and Synaptic Transmission

  • Synapse refers to the junction where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another.
  • Synaptic transmission involves propagating signals across synapses.

Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

  • Preganglionic neurons carry impulses from the spinal cord to ganglionic synapses.
  • Postganglionic neurons transmit impulses from the ganglionic synapse to target organs.

Norepinephrine (NE) and Acetylcholine (Ach)

  • Primary neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system, playing crucial roles in signal transmission.

Adrenergic Receptors

  • Include alpha and beta receptors, located at the ends of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, involved in fight-or-flight responses.

Cholinergic Receptors

  • Include nicotinic receptors (present in ganglia and muscular junctions) and muscarinic receptors (linked to rest-and-digest functions).

Enzymatic Processes

  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) destroys excess norepinephrine not taken back into vesicles for reuse.
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) rapidly degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, halting its action.

Pharmacological Agents

  • Sympathomimetics: Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, promoting adrenergic effects.
  • Adrenergic antagonists (sympatholytics): Inhibit the sympathetic nervous system functions.
  • Parasympathomimetics: Stimulate the parasympathetic system, producing rest-and-digest effects, often referred to as cholinergic agents.
  • Anticholinergics: Block the actions of the parasympathetic system, also called muscarinic blockers.

Myasthenia Gravis

  • An autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, compromising muscle contraction.

Key Points on Nervous System Function

  • The peripheral nervous system splits into somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary control) systems.
  • Sympathetic activation triggers fight-or-flight symptoms, contrasting with parasympathetic activation that leads to restorative functions.

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