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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'welfare' primarily refer to in animals?

Adaptation to the environment (correct)

A prosperous material situation

Social interaction with humans

Balanced emotional state

Which of the following factors does NOT influence welfare standards?

Watering

Feeding

Microclimate conditions

Animal socialization (correct)

Which of the following indicates the highest level of welfare in animals?

Good plumage condition (correct)

Injuries on the body

Deep apathy

Presence of behavioral disturbances

Which of the following definitions best describes Broom's concept of animal welfare?

The state of an animal regarding its attempts to cope with its environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of poor welfare in animals?

Presence of biochemical stress indicators Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of adaptation that ensures an individual's survival under changed conditions?

Accommodating Signup and view all the answers

How is the hygiene score of cows assessed?

Using a numbered scoring system across different zones Signup and view all the answers

What does a score of 2 indicate in the hygiene scoring system?

Minor splashing above the coronary band Signup and view all the answers

If an animal fails to adapt to its environment, what is a possible consequence?

Shortened life expectancy. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an animal can easily accommodate to its environment?

Welfare is adequate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT included in assessing welfare standards for a farm?

Animal training effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstance can an animal grow and reproduce despite difficult conditions?

The animal develops mechanisms to cope and integrate. Signup and view all the answers

What does the existence of injuries on the body indicate?

Poor welfare Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential physiological response to environmental changes in animals?

Emergency physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of animal welfare is considered when assessing how they cope with their environment?

The effort expended in adaptation. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between an animal's adaptation attempts and its wellness?

Successful adaptations positively influence welfare. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant public concern in the 1960s regarding animal welfare?

The intensification of farming and its effects on animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which committee was established to analyze the intensive system of animal breeding?

The Brambell Committee Signup and view all the answers

What does the Brambell Report emphasize about animals and their feelings?

Animals have feelings, but they are less intense than human feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What are Brambell's Five freedoms related to?

The physical and emotional needs of farm animals. Signup and view all the answers

According to the guidelines mentioned, what is the proper welfare first associated with?

Manifesting natural behavior and using genetic capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect was introduced by the Brambell Committee in the context of animal welfare?

The concept of mental well-being. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Brambell Report define animal welfare?

A broad concept including both physical and mental well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What does proper animal welfare require according to the guidelines discussed?

The ability for animals to engage in natural behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What score indicates a very good plumage condition in laying hens?

Score 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of lameness in dairy cattle?

Bumble foot syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which score designation reflects areas of the body with heavily damaged feathers and some bare portions?

Score 2 Signup and view all the answers

How can lameness in dairy cattle negatively impact livestock management?

By increasing the risk of early culling Signup and view all the answers

Which score system ranges from individual body parts to a total score of up to 24?

Plumage condition scoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean prevalence of lameness estimated in dairy herds?

20.6% Signup and view all the answers

What score corresponds to feathering that is damaged but still complete?

Score 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to non-infectious lameness in dairy cattle?

Viral infections Signup and view all the answers

What does a score of 4 indicate for the lower leg hygiene assessment?

Solid plaque of manure extending high up the leg Signup and view all the answers

In the udder scoring system, what does a score of 3 represent?

Distinct plaques of manure on the lower half of the udder Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a 'good body hygiene' assessment in terms of proportions of scores 3 and 4?

< 20% proportion of scores 3 + 4 Signup and view all the answers

How can manure be transferred to the udder?

By lying on a filthy surface or resting on a contaminated leg Signup and view all the answers

What scoring indicates a high level of contamination in the upper leg and flank zone?

Score 4 Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the condition of birds' integument have?

It can significantly impact their health and welfare. Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated to assess the health and welfare of laying hens?

The integument status, including plumage, feet, and skin Signup and view all the answers

In a typical free stall cow environment, what is expected regarding leg hygiene?

High degree of leg contamination from manure-filled alleyways Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do lame cows exhibit compared to healthy cows?

Longer periods of standing in alleys Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is effective for interdigital phlegmona in cows?

Injectable antibiotics with or without topical treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in a lameness control program?

Routine functional hoof trimming Signup and view all the answers

What does an incurved back in cows typically indicate?

Obvious lameness Signup and view all the answers

Which stage postpartum do most lameness problems occur in dairy cows?

Within the first 100 days Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of foot bathing in cows?

Better foot hygiene Signup and view all the answers

How do lame cows typically redistribute their weight?

More weight on non-affected limbs Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially lead to more feet and leg problems in dairy cattle?

Housing confined to concrete floors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Welfare, Ethology, and Animal Protection

Mahatma Gandhi said, "We recognize the degree of civilization of a people by the way they treat their animals."

Animal Welfare Definition

The concept of animal welfare denotes the quality of animal life.
A precise definition of animal welfare is important for scientific, practical, and legal uses.
The term "welfare" is ambiguous, and opinions on what's fundamental differ among people.

Scientific Agreement on Animal Welfare

A complex theory, combining initially differing viewpoints, was reached via scientific agreement.
These theories are "natural life", "biological/functional" orientation, and orientation of "feelings".

Biological/Functional Orientation

Animal welfare is represented by biological systems functioning normally.
Authors provide various indicators of welfare, like high production rates, breeding/reproduction, health, adaptation to the environment, and behavioral needs.

Orientation of "Feelings"

Animal welfare is approached through subjective experiences using their emotions.
Achieving high welfare involves freedom from any unpleasant mental state and experiencing pleasure, satisfaction, and normal life.

Orientation of "Natural Life"

Proper animal welfare depends on the ability to express natural behavior and use genetically encoded capabilities.
The three guidelines regarding animal welfare mentioned cannot be scientifically disproven.
The guidelines highlight various values intrinsically connected to animal welfare.

Farm Animal Welfare in Scientific Literature

The Brambell Committee, a group of experts, likely first defined farm animal welfare.
Increased public concern motivated this definition.
The intensified farming practices prompted the British government to define farm animal breeding.
Ruth Harrison's book, "Animal Machines" published in 1964, was a key part of the public concern.

Brambell Report Content

The report from the Brambell Committee contributed to a better understanding of some aspects of animal welfare.
It includes the concept of mental and physical welfare for animals, similar to humans, but perhaps less intense.

Multidimensional Concept of Animal Welfare

Animal welfare involves multiple aspects, including animal sheltering, feeding, watering, health, and behavior.

The Brambell Committee's Five Freedoms

Welfare encompasses both physical and mental well-being.
Animals should have the freedom to stand, lie, turn, groom themselves, and stretch.

Additional Definitions of Welfare

Hughes (1976): Welfare is the complete mental and physical health state where the animal is in harmony with the environment.
Carpenter (1980): Welfare regarding managed animals is related to how well they can adapt to human-created environments without suffering.
Broom (1991): Animal welfare is based on the animal´s attempts to cope with its environment and refers to the degree to which they successfully achieve this.

Animal Welfare States

Animals can effectively cope, with only minor welfare concerns.
Animals can adapt and survive in challenging situations but with apparent struggle.
Animals that cannot adapt fail to thrive and potentially die.

Animal Welfare Factors

An organism's ability to adapt to its environment is a key indicator of welfare.
Animal welfare is adequate when coping with the environment is achieved easily.
The animal's ability to experience pleasure positively influences its state.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Definition

The OIE defines animal welfare based on how well an animal copes with its situation. This relies on scientific evidence of health, comfort, nutrition, safety, and expressing natural behavior.

Aspects of Animal Welfare

Functioning (physical): coping, health, disease prevention, and nutrition
Mental (feelings): comfort, safety, freedom from unpleasant emotions, humane handling, and slaughter
Aspects of naturalness: coping and expressing natural behaviors

Areas for Consideration in Animal Welfare

Basic health (physical health)
Aspects of naturalness (natural behavior)
Affective state (feelings)

Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (UDAW)

Conceived in 2000, the UDAW outlines five freedoms:
- Freedom from hunger and thirst
- Freedom from discomfort
- Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
- Freedom to express normal behaviors
- Freedom from fear and distress

Degree of Welfare

"Welfare degrees" are the different levels of well-being in animals.
Measured with indicators like feeding, watering, microclimate, and the interaction between the animal and the surrounding factors.

Key Factors for Adequate Animal Welfare

Efficient management
Adequate housing
Well-maintained equipment
Healthy human-animal relationship

Examples of Good and Poor Welfare (High and Low Welfare)

Good and Very Good Welfare: Favored behavior (playing), manifestation of pleasure, good plumage, normal conduct.
Poor Welfare: Presence of pain, injuries, behavioral issues, lack of apathy and biochemical distress.

Farm-Specific Welfare Indicators

Reproductive success
Average productive lifespan
Morbidity and mortality rates
Aspects of zoo-veterinary management

Hygiene Scoring for Cows

A hygiene scoring system is utilized to measure cow cleanliness.
The areas to check are the lower leg, udder, and upper leg/flank areas.
The scoring is based on a 1-4 scale, where a "1" is very clean and a "4" is very dirty.

Scoring Guide- Lower Leg

The scoring system assesses manure build-up on cow legs.
Maure above the coronary band are used to score leg cleanliness.

Udder Scoring Guide

The scoring system is used to check for visible manure build-up near the teats.
The presence of manure near teats may be an indicator of infection.

Upper Leg and Flank Scoring Guide

The scoring system checks for visible manure build-up on the cow's upper legs and flanks.
Manure can come from lying on dirty surfaces or a dirty tail.

Evaluation of Animal Hygiene

Scores of 3 or 4 in any area indicate poor hygiene, and thus the proportion is calculated
Scores less than 20% mean good body hygiene
Scores 20-40% reflect average hygiene
Scores above 40% signal poor hygiene

Applied Scoring of Integument and Health

Used to assess different housing systems in commercial production.
Method includes plumage, foot, and skin health.

Integument and Health Scoring System

The scoring system evaluates 6 body parts related to plumage condition.
This includes the neck, breast, cloaca (vent), back, wings, tail, damage to body skin or comb related to pecking, and bumblebee foot lesions.
The scores range from 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent).

Plumage Scoring Levels

Score 4: Excellent plumage condition in which there are only a few damaged or deformed feathers.
Score 3: Damaged feathers but still complete feathering.
Score 2: Areas of heavy damage to feathers with bare portions.
Score 1: Areas with few or no feathers, and very damaged feathers are found when present.

Illustration Examples of Scoring 1-4 for Each Body Part

Images illustrate score levels 1 to 4 for body parts (neck, breast, vent/cloaca, back, wings, and tail.)

Wounds on Rear Part of Body

Provides a scoring system for assessing damage to the rear body.
Wounds scored from 1 to 3.

Wounds on Comb

Provides a scoring system for assessing damage to combs.
Wounds scored from 1 to 3

Bumble Foot Syndrome

Includes images showing bumblebee foot conditions, scored from 1 to 3.

Lameness in Dairy Cattle

Lameness is a significant issue in dairy cattle farms.
Lameness reduces productivity and causes economic loss.

Etiology(causes) of Lameness

Lameness may be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents.
Infectious agents include organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Noninfectious factors are related to housing conditions, improper nutrition, and metabolic disorders (e.g. ketosis or hypoglycemia).

Lameness Incidence

The average lameness rate is 20.6% in dairy herds.
Direct costs include reduced milk production and veterinary expenses.
Indirect costs include reduced fertility, risk of secondary diseases, risk of culling, and reduction in body condition.

Impact of Lameness on Reproductive Function

Lameness negatively influences energy balance and body condition, affecting fertility indirectly.
Behaviors like decreased standing time, walking, and feeding time directly impact fertility.
Consequences are reduced sexual expression, average conception rates, and pregnancy rates, and increased interval times from calving to conception and cystic ovaries.

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Lameness

Approximately 80% of cases of lameness result from hoof problems.
Key diagnosis aspects include observation of the gait, stance, and physical examination.
Diagnosis involves localizing lameness to specific limbs from hoof analysis or use of hoof testers.

Visual Presentation of Lameness in Cows

Illustrations in the notes visually depict different stages of cow lameness from mild to severe cases and illustrate how lameness scoring is done.

Treatment and Prevention of Lameness

Treatment options include topical sprays for specific ailments like digital dermatitis
Successful use of antibiotics in interdigital phlegmona cases that are treated quickly
Lameness control includes recording, diagnosing, and treating lameness cases in cows.
- Routine functional hoof trimming is done once-twice a year to treat the main cause of lameness.
Effective hygiene through foot bathing assists to maintain hoof health.

Proper Nutrition Management and Housing for Cows

Proper nutrition management is crucial in preventing lameness during the first 100 days postpartum.
Supportive housing minimizes rumen acidosis to ensure energy intake during early lactation.
Proper housing, free of manure, with good ventilation and bedding, prevents and mitigates lameness in confined areas by giving feet and legs a dry space.
Rubber mats in feeding and traffic lanes further improve hygiene and encourage the cows to lay down

General Locomotion Scoring for Dairy Cows

Monthly scoring of the herd (maximum 60-day intervals) is a must (optimal method).
Score cows in well-maintained flat spaces with good traction.
Doing this frequently helps reduce discrepancies in scoring.
Avoid using uneven surfaces like grassy or concrete paddocks in the score,

###Additional Guidelines for Locomotion Scoring

Allowing cows to stand and move at their own pace prevents stress and assures an accurate assessment.
Scoring agitated cows is inappropriate.
Assessing heifer scores 2 weeks before entering the milking herd helps measure the heifer breeding program.

Locomotion Scoring in Dairy Cows: Descriptions and Visual Examples

The notes provide descriptions and images for locomotion scores 1 to 5, from normal to severe lameness.

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