Untitled Quiz

Liver lobules are organized around a central vein, with blood entering from the portal vein and hepatic artery sinusoids. Hepatocytes are in direct contact with the blood due to fenestrations in sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Blood vessels in the liver that allow direct contact between blood and hepatocytes due to fenestrations (gaps) in their endothelial cells.

Liver cells directly involved in various metabolic functions, such as processing nutrients and detoxifying substances.

Specialized macrophages within liver sinusoids that act as immune cells, phagocytosing foreign materials and debris.

The process by which Kupffer cells engulf and destroy foreign particles like pathogens and cellular debris.

Small channels between hepatocytes that collect bile, eventually draining into bile ducts.

(Not relevant to liver), a theoretical balance in the kidneys that does not apply to the liver

The liver produces a significant portion of the body's lymph, which is drained by lymphatic vessels.

In liver failure, the amount of blood in the liver can increase to as much as 60 ml per gram of liver tissue.

A space in the liver where Ito cells (stellate cells) are located.

These cells play a role in extracellular matrix remodeling during liver injury and fibrosis, and in fibrous capsule formation around tumors.

Liver fibrosis leads to deteriorating liver function due to matrix and cellular changes.

In liver disease, stellate cells become active, leading to scar tissue formation, impacting liver function.

Activated Kupffer cells (liver macrophages) contribute to stellate cell activation in the liver.

The liver and skeletal muscles are the main sites of glycogen storage in the body.

Lipoprotein lipase in muscle, heart, and fat removes triglycerides from chylomicrons.

The liver produces bile, a fluid that aids in digestion and absorption of fats.

Bile contains bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments, and other substances.

Between meals, bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.

When we eat fatty foods, the gallbladder releases concentrated bile into the duodenum.

Bile acids emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion and absorption.

Bile acids are absorbed in the ileum and circulated back to the liver for reuse.

Bile acids are a key mechanism for excreting excess cholesterol from the body.

The recycling process of bile acids between the liver, intestine, and gallbladder.

The leftover parts of chylomicrons after most triglycerides are removed by lipoprotein lipase. They mainly contain cholesterol and cholesterol esters.

A protein on the surface of chylomicron remnants that is recognized by receptors in the liver, allowing the remnants to be taken up and processed.

A type of lipoprotein mainly made by the liver that carries triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to other tissues.

Receptors on the surface of liver cells that bind to specific molecules, like apolipoprotein E, allowing uptake of substances like chylomicron remnants.

A type of fat (lipid) that is a major energy source for the body. It is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL, releasing fatty acids to be used by tissues.

The liver plays a central role in lipid metabolism. It produces VLDL to export triglycerides, takes up chylomicron remnants and other lipoproteins, and synthesizes cholesterol and other lipids.

Chylomicron remnants need to be cleared because they contain high levels of cholesterol, which if left in the circulation could lead to plaque buildup and heart disease.

These proteins are essential for various functions, including clotting, transport, and immune defense. They are synthesized by hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream.

A muscular ring located at the junction of the common bile duct and the duodenum, controlling the flow of bile into the small intestine.

Bile is a complex fluid composed of bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin, and bile pigments. These substances are essential for fat digestion and absorption.

While both have similar Na+, K+, Cl- levels, bile duct secretion has a higher concentration of HCO3- (bicarbonate) and a lower concentration of Cl- than plasma.

The hormone secretin, released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme, specifically triggers the increased secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid by bile duct cells.

Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from bile duct cells, increasing the volume and alkalinity of bile.

No, secretin does not cause gallbladder contraction. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction and bile release.

Bile acids act as detergents, emulsifying fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for digestion by lipase enzymes.

Bile acids synthesized by the liver, including cholic acid (3-hydroxyl groups) and chenodeoxycholic acid (2-hydroxyl groups).

Bile acids formed from primary bile acids by bacteria in the digestive tract through dehydroxylation.

Primary bile acids linked to glycine or taurine, increasing water solubility.

Conjugated bile acids that are ionized and water soluble, existing as salts of various cations (mainly Na+).

Bile acids, with their hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, form aggregates called micelles above a critical concentration.

This phospholipid, being amphipathic, buries its fatty acyl chains inside the micelle and presents its polar head to the surface, increasing cholesterol solubility.

When cholesterol levels in bile exceed micelle capacity, excess cholesterol crystallizes, forming gallstones.

The specific concentration of bile acids needed for the formation of micelles.