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Questions and Answers

What term describes companies that provide cloud computing services?

Cloud providers (correct)

Cloud engineers

Cloud developers

Cloud facilitators

Which of the following is a deployment model of cloud computing?

Hybrid cloud (correct)

Grid computing

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

What is a defining attribute of cloud computing?

Utility computing (correct)

Fixed usage

Limited infrastructure

Manual resource management

Which of the following best describes grid computing?

A collection of computer resources from multiple locations Signup and view all the answers

What is one billing method commonly used by cloud providers?

Pay-per-usage Signup and view all the answers

What computing service model allows users to access software over the internet?

Software as a Service (SaaS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributes refers to cloud computing's ability to adjust resources dynamically?

Elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cloud computing?

Single point of failure Signup and view all the answers

What does utility computing primarily focus on in its service model?

Offering resources as needed and charging based on usage Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of cloud computing enables dynamic adjustment to changing workloads?

Elastic computing Signup and view all the answers

How does cloud computing increase cost-effectiveness for users?

Through resource-multiplexing and shared resources Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key advantages of data storage in the cloud?

Data appears to be stored independently of location. Signup and view all the answers

Why is shared resource utilization beneficial in cloud computing?

It enhances resource utilization by accommodating multiple demands. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the maintenance of cloud computing resources?

It is managed by the service providers due to centralized operations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of not using cloud computing?

Incurring initial investment costs for infrastructure. Signup and view all the answers

What significantly reduces costs in cloud computing?

The ability to pay for resources only when they are needed. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary ethical issue raised by cloud computing?

Unauthorised access to data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility associated with security management in cloud services?

Incident response Signup and view all the answers

How can the complex structure of cloud services create challenges?

Complicates liability determination Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT considered part of cloud service management?

Market analysis Signup and view all the answers

What impact do cultural differences have on cloud computing privacy?

Affect the emphasis between privacy and community Signup and view all the answers

Which of these could potentially result from de-perimeterisation in cloud computing?

Identity fraud and theft Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud activity involves ensuring that sensitive data is protected from viruses?

Virus protection Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a hybrid cloud?

It combines two or more distinct cloud models while enabling data portability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the implications of cloud computing?

Data is only stored in a single location Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge of cloud computing refers to issues arising from resource sharing?

Performance unpredictability Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of virtualization in user environments?

Users can operate in familiar environments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage that limits user mobility in cloud computing?

Diversity of services and user interfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is considered one of the major reasons for the success of cloud computing?

Better scalability through recent technological advances Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'elasticity' in cloud computing refer to?

The ability to accommodate large peak-to-average workload ratios. Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise when the service provider fails to deliver?

Service availability problems. Signup and view all the answers

How does a community or federated cloud differ from a public cloud?

It is shared among organizations with common interests. Signup and view all the answers

What does IaaS not provide management for?

Underlying cloud infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios may not be suitable for PaaS?

Deploying applications with portability requirements Signup and view all the answers

Which service is primarily offered by SaaS?

Consumption of pre-built applications Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary responsibility of the user in IaaS?

Deploying applications and operating systems Signup and view all the answers

How does PaaS differ from IaaS in terms of user control?

Users have less control over the application hosting environment in PaaS Signup and view all the answers

Which is a typical example of a service provided by IaaS?

Server hosting and storage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a limitation of PaaS?

It is not meant for applications requiring portability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding cloud computing in healthcare applications?

Security and confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

What effect can malicious attacks and infrastructure failures have on cloud services?

They can prevent access to a Cloud or disrupt its operation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Amdahl's Law primarily concerned with?

Calculating the maximum speedup achievable through parallelization. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of distributed systems allows for enhanced scalability?

Autonomy of system components. Signup and view all the answers

What leads to an ambivalent attitude towards privacy on the Internet?

Inconsistent practices in handling personal information. Signup and view all the answers

How does parallel computing benefit problem-solving?

By dividing large problems into smaller ones to be solved simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a denial of service attack on a cloud service like Google?

Extended downtime of services such as Google News and Gmail. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of distributed systems is represented by multiple points of control?

Redundancy in operations and failure management. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the effectiveness of parallelization as measured by speedup S?

The total execution time divided by the time taken for sequential computation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cloud Computing Introduction

Cloud computing is an information technology paradigm enabling ubiquitous access to shared configurable resources.
It rapidly provisions resources with minimal management, often via the internet.
Cloud computing relies on resource sharing to achieve economies of scale, similar to a public utility.
Cloud computing delivers computing services (servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics) over the internet.
Cloud providers bill users based on usage, like gas or electricity.

Course Logistics

Required textbook: "Cloud Computing, Theory and Practice" by Dan C. Marinescu, published by Morgan Kaufmann.

Course Contents

Introduction to Cloud Computing
Virtualization I
Virtualization II
MapReduce Batch Processing
MapReduce in Heterogeneous Environments
Large-Scale Resource Management
Data Center Networking
Cloud Distributed Storage
Real-Time Data Stream Processing

Lecture Contents

Defining Cloud Computing
Early Models of Cloud Computing
Delivery Models and Services
Ethical Issues in Cloud Computing
Cloud Vulnerabilities
Parallel Computing
Distributed Systems

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is an information technology (IT) paradigm enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable system resources.
The resources (servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics) are provided over the Internet.
This provision is characterized by rapid provisioning and minimal management effort.
This allows for economies of scale, analogous to a public utility.

Cloud Computing Models, Resources, Attributes

Delivery models: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
Deployment models: Public cloud, Private cloud, Community cloud, and Hybrid cloud.
Resources: Compute servers, storage servers, networking, and applications.
Defining attributes: Massive infrastructure, utility computing, pay-per-usage, internet accessibility, and elasticity.

Early Models of Cloud Computing

Grid computing: Developed by the National Labs in the early-1990s, primarily for scientific computing. A distributed system for large-scale, often non-interactive tasks, involving many files.
Utility computing: Emerged in 2005-2006, targeting enterprise computing; a service provisioning model where computing resources and infrastructure are made available on-demand, with usage-based billing.

Cloud Computing - Characteristics

Cloud computing offers scalable and elastic computing and storage services.
Resources are shared.
Cloud systems use internet technology.
"Elastic computing" refers to dynamically acquiring resources on demand, supporting fluctuating workloads.
Resources are metered, and users are charged accordingly.
Cloud computing is cost-effective due to resource multiplexing. Cost savings are often passed to the user.

Cloud Computing (cont'd)

Data storage: Data is stored in the cloud, potentially closer to the location of usage and presented as location-independent to users. This storage strategy enhances reliability, security and reduces communication costs..
Management: Maintenance and security are handled by service providers. The specialization and centralization involved in this management can optimize efficiency.

Cloud Computing Advantages

Shared resources: CPU cycles, storage, and network bandwidth are shared. This allows for higher resource utilization from multiple applications without conflicts.
Multiplexing: Peak demands of multiple applications are not synchronized, thereby maximizing resource utilization.
Aggregated resources: Resources are aggregated to support data-intensive applications.
Data sharing: Data sharing enables collaborations among groups across the globe.

Cloud Computing Advantages (cont'd)

Eliminates initial investment: Eliminates initial investment in private computing infrastructures and reduces maintenance/operational costs.
Cost reduction: Pay-as-you-go for computing resources reduces costs significantly.
Elasticity: Adapts to fluctuating workloads with large peak-to-average ratios.
User convenience: Virtualization creates familiar environments instead of idiosyncratic ones.

Types of Clouds

Public cloud: Resources are made accessible to the general public or a large industry group and owned by the provider organization.
Private cloud: Resources are operated solely for a specific organization, often within their own data center.
Hybrid cloud: Combines public and private clouds, offering a unique entity bound by standardized technology, enabling data and application portability.
Community cloud: Shared infrastructure shared by multiple organizations that have shared concerns.

Why Cloud Computing is Successful

Exploits advances: Leverages recent advances in software, networking, storage, and processor technologies. The same companies making these advancements also often provide cloud services.
Economic reasons: Significant use in enterprise computing, by industry organizations, financial institutions, and government, driving significant economic impact.
Infrastructure Management: Homogeneous infrastructure (often migrating toward heterogeneous) simplifying security, resource management, and fault tolerance compared to managing heterogeneous resources across multiple entities.

Challenges for Cloud Computing

Availability: Service provider failures pose risks to service provision.
Data confidentiality & auditability: Maintaining the security and privacy of user data is a significant hurdle.
Service diversity & user mobility: Diverse services offered by providers hinder user mobility, causing customers to become reliant upon vendors.
Data transfer bottlenecks: Applications requiring massive data transfers, or real-time exchanges will face significant challenges.

More Challenges

Performance unpredictability: A consequence of resource sharing, challenges efficient resource management and reliable QoS (quality of service). How to use resource virtualization, and performance isolation are critical considerations.
Resource management: Managing multiple workloads running on shared resources is a challenge. Are self-organisation and management solutions feasible in large datacenters?
Security and confidentiality: Security and confidentiality are critical for sensitive applications, such as healthcare.

Cloud Delivery Models

SaaS (Software as a Service): High level. Applications are supplied by the service provider. Users do not manage the underlying infrastructure. Email (Gmail), CRM (Salesforce)
PaaS (Platform as a Service): Applications are deployed using vendor-supported languages. Users manage applications, while the provider manages the infrastructure. Examples: Google App Engine, Windows Azure.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Low level. Provides compute resources (CPU, VMs, storage) as needed. Users manage the operating system and applications; the infrastructure provider handles the rest. Example: Amazon EC2.

Cloud Activities

Service management and provisioning: Including virtualization, service provisioning, call centers, operations, system, QoS, billing and accounting, SLA management, technical support, and backups.
Security management: Including authentication, certification, intrusion prevention/detection, virus protection, cryptography, physical security, incident response, access control, and firewalls.
Customer services: including customer assistance, subscriptions, business intelligence, reporting, and customer preference management.
Integration services: Including data management and development.

Ethical Issues

Shift in control: Releasing control to third-party services introduces new ethical considerations.
Data storage locations: Data storage in multiple sites managed by different organizations presents challenges to responsibility and control.
Interoperability: Multiple services operating across the network raise implications on security threats like unauthorized access and data corruption, as well as infrastructure failure.

De-perimeterisation

Systems across multiple organizations can pose security risks.
Cloud complexity makes determining responsibility difficult in case of undesirable events.
Identity theft and fraud become possible via unauthorized access and new dissemination methods in social media.

Privacy Issues

Cloud providers store very large quantities of sensitive personal data.
Privacy acceptance is linked to the privacy policies and practices of the companies and the countries where data centers are located.
Privacy attitudes vary by culture.

Cloud Vulnerabilities

Malicious attacks and infrastructure failures, e.g., power outages, can affect clouds.
Such incidents can disrupt the internet domain name servers, impacting cloud access. Examples: Akamai attack in 2004. Google and Gmail outages in 2009. Amazon outages in 2012.

Parallel Computing

Parallel computing: Computations are done concurrently. Large problems are broken down into smaller ones for simultaneous solution. It's used to run demanding problems, without the need for a dedicated large system.
Parallel computing enables processing power that might not otherwise be available on a single system.
Parallel computing reduces processing time.

Parallel Computing – Amdahl's Law

Amdahl's Law addresses the theoretical upper limit on the speedup achievable by parallelization of a given program.
The formula accounts for the fraction of a program's running time which is difficult or impossible to parallelize. Significant value is lost in programs where the parallelization effort is low.

Distributed Systems

A collection of autonomous computers, networked together for a common goal.
Computers work together, using middleware to coordinate activities and share resources.
Characteristics include: perceived unity, autonomous components, each system independently manages scheduling and security. Multiple control points and failure possibilities. Access to resources may not be universal. Scalability via additional resources. Designed for high availability under adverse conditions.

Summary

Key concepts of cloud computing are covered, including various models, advantages, challenges, ethical considerations, and underlying technologies.

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