Untitled Quiz

Which of the following is called for the response of multiple motor units in a muscle?

Endurance exercise has no effect on muscle strength.

What is the effect of endurance exercise?

The rapid up-and-down voltage shift, created by the movement of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane, is called a(n) __________ potential.

During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium is released into the sarcoplasm and binds to __________.

What are the two most important pathways by which ATP is generated in muscle cells?

Within a sarcomere, the overlap of actin and myosin produce the _____ bands.

The cocking of the myosin head into a high-energy position occurs because of:

_______ muscle frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue.

At the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release ___________ into the synapse.

Describe myosin ATPase:

What cellular feature leads to the striated appearance of skeletal muscles?

Cells of _______ muscle are considered autorhythmic and contract independently.

The ___________ ___________ of the skeletal muscle cell stores calcium.

In muscle, which mechanism supplies ATP depends upon:

Describe the function of a T-tubule (pick 2):

During repolarization, _____ ions diffuse out of the cell, changing the membrane potential back to a negative value.

Describe the perimysium:

__________ is rarely seen in the muscles of the body:

Small motor units are important in _________:

Infoldings of the sarcolemma, called transverse tubules, are associated with two terminal cisternae, forming a unit called a ________.

Define muscle tone.

The portion of the myofibril from one Z disc to the next is called a __________.

Name two regulatory proteins.

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute a ________ ________.

Describe smooth muscle.

Describe a neuromuscular junction.

The voltage measured across the muscle cell at rest is called the resting membrane _________.

Aerobic metabolism utilizes _________ and __________ as fuel to generate ATP.

The characteristic that allows muscles to pull on those and organs to create movement is called ___________.

When muscles stretch and recoil, they recoil to a shorter length. This property is called:

Walls of the heart consist of ________ muscle.

Describe how smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiocytes.

Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called __________.

Aerobic metabolism produces ________ ATP than does glycolysis.

Indicate the characteristics of cardiac muscle.

Place in order the steps in the relaxation of muscle: (1) AChE breaks ACh down, (2) active transport pumps in the SR begin to pump calcium back into the cisternae, (3) nerve signal ceases, (4) tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites, (5) calcium releases from troponin.

Name the type of contraction that involves the development of tension but NO change in length.

The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called __________.

Energy needed for short bursts of intense activity are provided by _________ and _________.

The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscle is known as _________.

The sliding filament theory describes how _________ occurs.

When stimulated, muscle cells will respond with ________ changes across the plasma membrane.

The process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber is called:

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called __________.

Define acetylcholine.

The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of _________ and __________ muscle.

Describe cardiac muscle.

Cardiac and smooth muscle are types of _________ muscle.

Indicate the parameters that affect twitch strength.

List the characteristics of smooth muscle.

A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called the ________ _________.

The prevailing theory regarding muscle contraction is called the _______ ________ theory.

Name the muscle type that is striated, uninucleated, and branching.

Within a skeletal muscle, a ________ extends from one Z-disc to the next and constitutes one contractile unit.

Muscle fatigue results from increased levels of:

List the functions of smooth muscle.

List events during the relaxation phase.

A characteristic of all cells, but one that muscles and nerves have developed to the highest degree, is:

__________ muscle cells have a fusiform shape and taper to a point at the ends.

List the characteristics of cardiac cells.

The time between the stimulus and the twitch is known as the _________ period.

Aerobic respiration is important for producing energy for long-term energy needs.

Fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration are called ___________-fibers.

The presence of _________ is the immediate trigger for contraction in smooth muscle as well as skeletal and cardiac muscle.

The cross-bridge created by the binding of the myosin and actin is broken with the binding of _____________.

Which of the following is a unique cardiac tissue?

Tonic contraction of ________ muscle plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and in keeping the intestine partially contracted.

Identify a condition that would result in a stronger twitch.

_______ muscle typically is slow to contract and slow to relax.

Describe what must occur before tropomyosin can move away from the myosin binding sites on actin.

Each tropomyosin molecule has a small calcium-binding protein called _______ bound to it.

The glycogen-lactic acid system relies on ________ metabolism.

Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels in plasma membrane and the ______ _______. This leads to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Describe the importance of the elastic elements to muscle function.

Complete ________ is the continuous forceful contraction in a muscle with no relaxation between stimuli.

Gap junctions are important in:

The muscle shortens and moves the load during the _________ phase of a muscle twitch.

The 'cocking' of the myosin head, hydrolysis of ATP and the power stroke occur during the ________ phase of skeletal muscle contraction.

The protein found in muscle cells that stores and then releases oxygen when needed is called __________.

Actions that require physical strength typically involve:

List three situations that lead to fatigue in long-duration exercise.

Define threshold, as applied to muscle physiology.

The muscle protein composed of two protein chains intertwined together, forming a head and a tail, is called _________.

The nerve fiber ends in a bulbous swelling at each synapse. This structure is called the ____________ ___________.

In contrast to the action potential, the ___________ potential causes the opening of ion channels, which results in the initial movement of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction.

Muscles that are ________ are not attached to bones.

Indicate the several functions of actin and myosin.

The movement of an object or load results from the development of _______ tension.

A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a ________ contraction.

Muscle cells contain ________, a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise.

The __________ of the heart triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract.

_________ and _________ muscle can be autorhythmic due to pacemaker cells that depolarize at regular intervals and set off waves of contraction.

The change in membrane potential with the entry of sodium ions is called:

As the myosin head releases the thin filament, muscle tension declines during what is referred to as the _______ phase of a muscle twitch.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum serves as a reservoir for __________ ions.

Contraction of muscles against a load that resists movement is called ________ EXERCISE.

The region of a sarcomere composed primarily of __________ is called the I band.

Indicate the examples of sites for single-unit smooth muscle.

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as:

A record of the timing and strength of the muscle's contraction is called a __________.

As a stimulus increases, an increasing number of motor neurons excite an increasing number of motor units.