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Questions and Answers

What characterizes individuals with high levels of openness-to-experience?

  • They are primarily concerned with routine tasks.
  • They have narrow interests.
  • They are practical and conforming.
  • They are intellectually engaged and imaginative. (correct)
  • Which trait is most strongly associated with predicting happiness?

  • Extraversion (correct)
  • Neuroticism
  • Openness-to-experience
  • Agreeableness
  • What effect does high neuroticism have on an individual's emotional stability?

  • It promotes calmness and security.
  • It shows high sensitivity to potential threats. (correct)
  • It leads to increased self-satisfaction.
  • It is linked to a strong resistance to stress.
  • What physiological factor is related to higher levels of extraversion?

    <p>Increased dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neuroticism impact relationships according to the content provided?

    <p>It predicts lower happiness and relationship problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a person high in conscientiousness?

    <p>Responsible and orderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine important personality traits according to their frequency in language?

    <p>Lexical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is considered part of the Big Five personality factors?

    <p>Openness to Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals low in agreeableness?

    <p>Aggressive and manipulative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conscientiousness predict academic achievement compared to IQ?

    <p>Conscientiousness is a better predictor than IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about traits according to the content provided?

    <p>Traits can form distinct categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits correlates with lower levels of heart disease?

    <p>High Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to identify important traits in personality psychology?

    <p>Using synonyms to measure trait frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Personality Traits

    • Personality traits are consistent patterns of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that are stable over time
    • Traits exist on a spectrum rather than in categories

    Determining Important Traits

    • Lexical approach: suggests important traits are encoded in natural language
      • Synonym frequency: many words for important traits
      • Cross-cultural universality: important traits should appear across languages
    • Goal is to identify important and universal traits

    Lexical Approach Continued

    • Lexical approach uses dictionaries to identify traits
    • People rate traits of themselves and others
    • Factor analysis: statistical analysis reveals correlations between traits
      • Extraversion: linked to talkativeness, energy, and assertiveness
      • Neuroticism: linked to tenseness, depression, and worrying
      • Big Five factors: a comprehensive model of personality traits

    The Big Five

    • Openness to Experience/Intellect: intellectual engagement, imagination, curiosity
    • Conscientiousness: responsibility, orderliness, persistence
    • Extraversion: sociability, energy, assertiveness
    • Agreeableness: considerateness, empathy, kindness
    • Neuroticism: anxiety, vulnerability to stress, insecurity

    Conscientiousness

    • High Conscientiousness: responsible, orderly, persistent, planful, high standards
    • Low Conscientiousness: disorganized, careless, impulsive
    • Predicts academic achievement, longer lifespan, and job performance

    Agreeableness

    • High Agreeableness: considerate, empathic, kind, generous, cooperative
    • Low Agreeableness: aggressive, rude, spiteful, stubborn, cynical, manipulative
    • Predicts fewer interpersonal conflicts, lower risk of heart disease, and less racial prejudice

    Openness to Experience

    • High Openness: intellectually engaged, imaginative, curious, creative
    • Low Openness: practical, conforming, narrow interests
    • Related to IQ and complexity of emotional life

    Extraversion

    • High Extraversion: sociable, energetic, lively, assertive
    • Low Extraversion: quiet, reserved, shy
    • Predicts happiness, more friendships, higher social status, and longevity
    • Linked to higher levels of dopamine

    Neuroticism

    • High Neuroticism: anxious, vulnerable to stress, insecure, moody
    • Low Neuroticism: calm, emotionally stable, secure, self-satisfied
    • Predicts lower happiness, psychological disorders, relationship problems
    • Associated with lower levels of serotonin
    • Reflects sensitivity to potential threats
    • Increases over time with negative life experiences

    Conclusion

    • Personality traits are profoundly important for shaping life outcomes

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