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Questions and Answers

What characterizes individuals with high levels of openness-to-experience?

  • They are primarily concerned with routine tasks.
  • They have narrow interests.
  • They are practical and conforming.
  • They are intellectually engaged and imaginative. (correct)

Which trait is most strongly associated with predicting happiness?

  • Extraversion (correct)
  • Neuroticism
  • Openness-to-experience
  • Agreeableness

What effect does high neuroticism have on an individual's emotional stability?

  • It promotes calmness and security.
  • It shows high sensitivity to potential threats. (correct)
  • It leads to increased self-satisfaction.
  • It is linked to a strong resistance to stress.

What physiological factor is related to higher levels of extraversion?

<p>Increased dopamine levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does neuroticism impact relationships according to the content provided?

<p>It predicts lower happiness and relationship problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a person high in conscientiousness?

<p>Responsible and orderly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to determine important personality traits according to their frequency in language?

<p>Lexical approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is considered part of the Big Five personality factors?

<p>Openness to Experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals low in agreeableness?

<p>Aggressive and manipulative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conscientiousness predict academic achievement compared to IQ?

<p>Conscientiousness is a better predictor than IQ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about traits according to the content provided?

<p>Traits can form distinct categories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits correlates with lower levels of heart disease?

<p>High Agreeableness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to identify important traits in personality psychology?

<p>Using synonyms to measure trait frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Personality Traits

  • Personality traits are consistent patterns of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that are stable over time
  • Traits exist on a spectrum rather than in categories

Determining Important Traits

  • Lexical approach: suggests important traits are encoded in natural language
    • Synonym frequency: many words for important traits
    • Cross-cultural universality: important traits should appear across languages
  • Goal is to identify important and universal traits

Lexical Approach Continued

  • Lexical approach uses dictionaries to identify traits
  • People rate traits of themselves and others
  • Factor analysis: statistical analysis reveals correlations between traits
    • Extraversion: linked to talkativeness, energy, and assertiveness
    • Neuroticism: linked to tenseness, depression, and worrying
    • Big Five factors: a comprehensive model of personality traits

The Big Five

  • Openness to Experience/Intellect: intellectual engagement, imagination, curiosity
  • Conscientiousness: responsibility, orderliness, persistence
  • Extraversion: sociability, energy, assertiveness
  • Agreeableness: considerateness, empathy, kindness
  • Neuroticism: anxiety, vulnerability to stress, insecurity

Conscientiousness

  • High Conscientiousness: responsible, orderly, persistent, planful, high standards
  • Low Conscientiousness: disorganized, careless, impulsive
  • Predicts academic achievement, longer lifespan, and job performance

Agreeableness

  • High Agreeableness: considerate, empathic, kind, generous, cooperative
  • Low Agreeableness: aggressive, rude, spiteful, stubborn, cynical, manipulative
  • Predicts fewer interpersonal conflicts, lower risk of heart disease, and less racial prejudice

Openness to Experience

  • High Openness: intellectually engaged, imaginative, curious, creative
  • Low Openness: practical, conforming, narrow interests
  • Related to IQ and complexity of emotional life

Extraversion

  • High Extraversion: sociable, energetic, lively, assertive
  • Low Extraversion: quiet, reserved, shy
  • Predicts happiness, more friendships, higher social status, and longevity
  • Linked to higher levels of dopamine

Neuroticism

  • High Neuroticism: anxious, vulnerable to stress, insecure, moody
  • Low Neuroticism: calm, emotionally stable, secure, self-satisfied
  • Predicts lower happiness, psychological disorders, relationship problems
  • Associated with lower levels of serotonin
  • Reflects sensitivity to potential threats
  • Increases over time with negative life experiences

Conclusion

  • Personality traits are profoundly important for shaping life outcomes

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