Untitled Quiz

Study Notes

Safety Equipment Location: Students should know where the safety showers, eye washes, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits in the lab are located.
Proper Attire: Always wear a lab coat, gloves, and closed-toe shoes in the lab. Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Additional PPE, like thicker heat protective gloves and eye goggles/face shields may be needed depending on the experiment.
Food and Drink: No food or drink is allowed in the lab.
Be Aware of Surroundings: Always remain alert and aware of what others are doing to prevent accidents. Joking around is prohibited.
Gloves and Contamination: Avoid touching face or skin with gloves on. They are contaminated and should be disposed of properly. Avoid touching personal items with gloves on.

Labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Read labels and the corresponding SDS before using any chemical. Understand the hazards and safe handling procedures.
Proper Disposal: Dispose of chemicals according to the provided guidelines. Never pour chemicals down the sink unless instructed. Ask the instructor if unsure.
Fume Hoods: Use the fume hood when working with volatile or hazardous chemicals.
Spills and Accidents: Report any spills or accidents to the instructor immediately.

Disposal of Biological Waste: Dispose of biological materials like bacterial cultures and gloves into designated biohazard containers.
Disinfect Work Areas: Disinfect the work bench before and after experiments using 70% ethanol.

Microscopes: Handle microscopes with care using both hands. Clean lenses appropriately and follow instructions for usage and storage.
Micropipettes: Use micropipettes only after proper instruction. Handle them with care as they are delicate.
Glassware: Inspect glassware for cracks and chips before use.
Electrical Equipment: Ensure electrical equipment is grounded and in good working condition. Do not touch it with wet hands.

Fire: If a fire erupts use the nearest fire extinguisher if trained, or evacuate and activate the fire alarm.

Control and Test Groups: One group collects samples before washing hands, the other after. This determines the role of handwashing in removing microorganisms.
Material Collection: Use sterile tweezers, a nail scraper, or a swab to gently collect material from fingernails.
Preparing the Slide: Place a drop of distilled water or saline solution on a slide. Mix the collected material with the water. Place a cover slip over the drop.
Examination: Observe the sample under the microscope at different magnifications.

Procedure:
- Rinse fixated onion root tips with water.
- Place 1-2 tips on a slide.
- Add one drop of 1/10 N HCl.
- Add two drops of acetocarmine solution.
- Wait 12-15 minutes.
- Rinse the tips with water.
- Cut 2-3 mm portions from the tips.
- Place the portions on a slide, add a drop of water, and mount with a cover slip.
- Examine the sample under the microscope.
- Count the total number of cells and cells in each stage of mitosis.
- Calculate the mitotic index (ratio of cells undergoing mitosis to total cell number).

Introduction: This experiment compares sterile water with water sampled from Haliç to understand the importance of sterilization.
Purpose: Demonstrate the presence of microorganisms in unsterilized water from a natural source.
Unsterilized Water: Unsterilized water from Haliç likely contains bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoans, and debris.
Autoclaving: The process of boiling under high pressure in a controlled setting.
Sterilization Methods: Different sterilization methods include filtration, chemical sterilization, and reverse osmosis.

Microscopy: The use of microscopes to view small objects.
Sterilization: The process of eliminating or removing microorganisms to make something safe.
Mitosis: The process of cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitotic Index: The ratio of cells undergoing mitosis to the total number of cells.