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What type of bonds does carbon typically form to create biomolecules?
What type of bonds does carbon typically form to create biomolecules?
covalent
A _ is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
A _ is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
functional group
A molecule that is soluble in water is said to be?
A molecule that is soluble in water is said to be?
hydrophilic
A _ is a bio-molecule that is formed by linking together a large number of monomers.
A _ is a bio-molecule that is formed by linking together a large number of monomers.
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The chemistry of living organisms is called?
The chemistry of living organisms is called?
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The category of biological molecule called _ are almost universally used as an immediate energy source for living organisms.
The category of biological molecule called _ are almost universally used as an immediate energy source for living organisms.
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A carbon atom has six electrons. How are these electrons shared in its atomic orbital shells?
A carbon atom has six electrons. How are these electrons shared in its atomic orbital shells?
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Which of the following are functional groups in organic biomolecules?
Which of the following are functional groups in organic biomolecules?
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What is the molecular formula for glucose?
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
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This sugar maltose is best classified as a?
This sugar maltose is best classified as a?
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Polysaccharides are composed of carbohydrate monomers called?
Polysaccharides are composed of carbohydrate monomers called?
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Select the functions of carbohydrates.
Select the functions of carbohydrates.
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Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are all examples of _ polysaccharides.
Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are all examples of _ polysaccharides.
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Simple carbohydrates composed of a single unit, like the sugars glucose or ribose, are commonly called?
Simple carbohydrates composed of a single unit, like the sugars glucose or ribose, are commonly called?
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Identify the elements found in glucose.
Identify the elements found in glucose.
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Identify the key feature of a lipid.
Identify the key feature of a lipid.
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Two monosaccharides joined together will form a?
Two monosaccharides joined together will form a?
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The subunits of a triglyceride are?
The subunits of a triglyceride are?
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A long carbohydrate polymer that consists of many monosaccharides is called a?
A long carbohydrate polymer that consists of many monosaccharides is called a?
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Which definition best describes a population?
Which definition best describes a population?
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A valence shell is best described as?
A valence shell is best described as?
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A cell is to a tissue as an atom is to a?
A cell is to a tissue as an atom is to a?
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A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
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Choose the correct order of classification from most inclusive to most exclusive.
Choose the correct order of classification from most inclusive to most exclusive.
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Which of the following is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Which of the following is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
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Organic molecules are those that contain at least?
Organic molecules are those that contain at least?
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Which carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver?
Which carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver?
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Which listing correctly indicates a sequence of increasing biological organization?
Which listing correctly indicates a sequence of increasing biological organization?
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Living organisms are characterized by?
Living organisms are characterized by?
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An atom's atomic mass is best described as the mass of?
An atom's atomic mass is best described as the mass of?
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Which statement is NOT true about ionic bonds?
Which statement is NOT true about ionic bonds?
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Arrange in order, the levels of ecological study from most inclusive to most exclusive.
Arrange in order, the levels of ecological study from most inclusive to most exclusive.
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In the scientific method, what precedes the formation of the hypothesis?
In the scientific method, what precedes the formation of the hypothesis?
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Select the structural polysaccharides from the choices.
Select the structural polysaccharides from the choices.
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Which elements make up the backbone of a lipid?
Which elements make up the backbone of a lipid?
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The major form of lipid in food and in the body. They consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
The major form of lipid in food and in the body. They consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
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Most of the fatty acids in cells contain an even number of carbons with?
Most of the fatty acids in cells contain an even number of carbons with?
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Each triglyceride contains a single subunit of?
Each triglyceride contains a single subunit of?
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A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms of the chain is said to be a(n)?
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms of the chain is said to be a(n)?
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Which form of cholesterol is often referred to as LDL?
Which form of cholesterol is often referred to as LDL?
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Identify the key feature of a lipid.
Identify the key feature of a lipid.
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Which type of lipid contains glycerol and a polar, phosphate group bonded to two nonpolar, fatty acid tails?
Which type of lipid contains glycerol and a polar, phosphate group bonded to two nonpolar, fatty acid tails?
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Lipids that contain four fused, carbon rings, and which includes cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are?
Lipids that contain four fused, carbon rings, and which includes cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are?
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Identify the correct source of LDLs.
Identify the correct source of LDLs.
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Which type of lipid contains alcohol as its functional groups?
Which type of lipid contains alcohol as its functional groups?
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Identify the molecules that make up a phospholipid.
Identify the molecules that make up a phospholipid.
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Which is the main role of proteins in cells?
Which is the main role of proteins in cells?
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Each triglyceride contains a single subunit of?
Each triglyceride contains a single subunit of?
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Proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the cell are known as?
Proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the cell are known as?
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Keratin and collagen are examples of which class of proteins?
Keratin and collagen are examples of which class of proteins?
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A _ is a lipid with a long-chain fatty acid bound to carbon chains containing alcohol.
A _ is a lipid with a long-chain fatty acid bound to carbon chains containing alcohol.
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What type of molecule is hemoglobin classified as?
What type of molecule is hemoglobin classified as?
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Which of the following describes all enzymes?
Which of the following describes all enzymes?
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Are proteins that bind to, and thus help to destroy, foreign substances. These are called disease-causing organisms.
Are proteins that bind to, and thus help to destroy, foreign substances. These are called disease-causing organisms.
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The building blocks of proteins are?
The building blocks of proteins are?
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Identify the structures that are composed of keratin and/or collagen.
Identify the structures that are composed of keratin and/or collagen.
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Multiple amino acids join together to form?
Multiple amino acids join together to form?
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True or false: All proteins have four levels of structural organization.
True or false: All proteins have four levels of structural organization.
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Oxygen is transported by the blood in animals with the help of a blood protein called?
Oxygen is transported by the blood in animals with the help of a blood protein called?
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The primary structure of a protein is formed by which of these?
The primary structure of a protein is formed by which of these?
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Antibodies are a type of?
Antibodies are a type of?
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What is the most common shape for a fibrous protein?
What is the most common shape for a fibrous protein?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules and Their Components
- Carbon forms covalent bonds to create biomolecules, allowing complex structures.
- Functional groups are specific combinations of bonded atoms that dictate chemical reactivity, regardless of carbon skeleton.
- Hydrophilic molecules are water-soluble, contrasting with lipids, which are typically insoluble in water.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as immediate energy sources and structural components of organisms.
- They are classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two monosaccharides linked), and polysaccharides (many monosaccharides linked).
- Key examples include glucose (C6H12O6) and glycogen (energy storage in the liver).
- Structural polysaccharides include cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan.
Lipids
- The hallmark of lipids is their insolubility in water, including triglycerides (three fatty acids and glycerol) and phospholipids (glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group).
- Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
- Cholesterol forms LDL and serves important biological functions, while trans fats are known sources of LDL.
- Waxes are long-chain fatty acids bound to alcohols, while steroids consist of fused carbon rings.
Proteins
- Proteins are structural and functional molecules in cells, composed of amino acids linked into polypeptides.
- Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions, while antibodies are defensive proteins that help eliminate foreign pathogens.
- Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen in the blood.
- Protein structure can vary, with the primary structure defined by the sequence of amino acids.
Atomic Structure and Classification
- Carbon atoms typically have six electrons, with four available for bonding.
- A valence shell refers to the outermost electron shell of an atom.
- The atomic mass is determined by the combined mass of protons and neutrons.
- In biological organization, entities are classified from most to least inclusive: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Ecological Hierarchy and Scientific Method
- Levels of ecological study are organized as biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, and individual organism.
- The scientific method begins with observation before forming hypotheses to investigate phenomena.
Summary and Characteristics of Life
- Living organisms are characterized by a range of traits, encompassing all choices related to life.
- Organic molecules must contain carbon and hydrogen, fundamental in forming life's building blocks.
- Understanding the elements composing biomolecules, such as glucose (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen), is vital in biological studies.
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