Transpo

deals with developing a set of constructs and propositions that are established to achieve specific objectives relating to social, economic, and environmental conditions, and the functioning and performance of the transport system.

deals with the preparation and implementation of actions designed to address specific problems.

increased interactions at the international level, both for freight and passengers.

This enabled the transfer of ownership and operation of many transport modes to the private sector and favored the entry of new actors.

This has enabled better coordination of investments improving the efficiency of interconnected transportation networks and the related supply chains.

The policy process is becoming more responsive to public concerns over environmental externalities and social equity issues.

Governments have a large number of instruments at their disposal to carry out transport policies. Some are direct, such as public ownership, but the majority are indirect, such as safety standards.

full or partial ownership of transportation modes or assets.

funding for transport infrastructure and modes.

technical standards for transport modes and assets.

funding research improving the technical, economic and environmental performance of transportation.

standards such as certification, working conditions and compensation and benefits in the transport sector.

operational standards for transport modes and assets, such as speed and weight limits.

Policies are dynamic. They change and evolve as circumstances change and as new problems are recognized.

The dynamic nature of policymaking is reflected in how the policy instruments have been employed over the years. Historical examples of private transport provision include:

The trends in transport policy in recent decades have been toward liberalization and privatization.

Terminals remain largely under State or municipal ownership, but concession agreements to private operators are common.

• most significant and enduring commitments of public funds

• remain dominantly publicly owned and operated.

• Alliances between major carriers, such as the maritime and air industry, are also sources of contention and regulatory oversight.

Transport planning usually addresses specific problems or broad transport concerns at a local level and has been traditionally a preoccupation of lower-tier governments (state, county, municipal). Because of this fact, transport planning is most developed in the urban sphere, and it is there where most experience has been gathered.

• A high-level long-term planning horizon that relies on strategic plans implementing a vision.

• Involves both financial and strategic planning, often reported through business plans

• Involves decisions solving practical problems related to transport operations, usually within a year.

• The government or a related authority sets the strategic goals and prepares plans.

• Stakeholders such as carriers and operators are the main drivers of the planning process by providing actionable input.

• The government or related authority sets the strategic intent of the planning process and asks stakeholders to propose projects supporting the main goals.

Planning is commonly scale-specific and multidimensional. In cities, traffic problems have increased significantly since the 1970s, despite a great deal of urban transport planning.

Planning is still a multi-step process, but it has changed considerably:

Managing the demand for transport is made up of a large number of small interventions that cumulatively can impact demand but, in particular, improve the livability of cities.

A sample of well-practiced and successful interventions includes:

The governance of transport infrastructure is particularly relevant because of its strategic, economic, and social importance and the cross-jurisdictional character of many infrastructures, such as highways, rail, and telecommunication networks

• It provides confidence that an activity, such as a terminal, a transit system, or a logistics zone, is effectively managed.

• Lowers capital costs as investors and financial institutions have confidence that the allocated capital will be effectively used to develop and expand productive assets, generating returns.

• Improves the capability to compete through the retention of existing users and the attraction of new ones.

• It confers long-term resilience in the organization, providing stability in capital markets and the financial institutions supporting them.

There are two main components of transport governance;

Common because of the economic and strategic importance of many terminals.

• Less evident in transport terminals, but there are numerous exceptions for specific modes.

involve the day-to-day management and carrying out of terminal activities

• This is typical in many ports, state-controlled railroads, and publicly-owned airports.

Manage and carry out operations in privately owned terminals.

provides the basis for transportation planning.

is a process of finding feasible alternatives and components of a transportation system to support human activities in a community.

is a broad category which includes air, water, and land transportation systems.