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Questions and Answers
What is the most common type of dementia, accounting for approximately 50% of all dementia cases?
What is the most common type of dementia, accounting for approximately 50% of all dementia cases?
What type of memory is primarily affected by hippocampal sclerosis?
What type of memory is primarily affected by hippocampal sclerosis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's Disease?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's Disease?
What is a common result of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
What is a common result of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
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Epilepsy that has its onset in the temporal lobe is classified as what type?
Epilepsy that has its onset in the temporal lobe is classified as what type?
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Which brain regions are commonly affected in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome due to thiamine deficiency?
Which brain regions are commonly affected in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome due to thiamine deficiency?
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What is a common characteristic of memory impairment in patients after a temporal lobectomy?
What is a common characteristic of memory impairment in patients after a temporal lobectomy?
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Which factor is a significant cause of memory impairment in Alzheimer's Disease?
Which factor is a significant cause of memory impairment in Alzheimer's Disease?
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Study Notes
Memory Stores
- Human memory is comprised of sensory, short-term (working), and long-term memory.
- Sensory memory lasts less than a second.
- Short-term memory (working memory) lasts up to a minute, used for immediate tasks.
- Long-term memory is permanent, long-term storage.
- Explicit memory is conscious.
- Declarative memory (facts and events)
- Episodic memory (personal experiences)
- Semantic memory (facts and concepts)
- Declarative memory (facts and events)
- Implicit memory is unconscious.
- Procedural memory (skills and tasks).
Memory Processes
- Memory processes include attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
- Attention is focusing on information to encode it.
- Encoding is converting information into a format the brain can use.
- Storage is retaining encoded information.
- Retrieval is accessing stored information.
Neuropsychological Tests of Memory
- Verbal memory tests (e.g., short stories, word lists).
- Visual memory tests (e.g., shapes, objects).
- Example tests: short stories, word lists (List A, Trial 1-4 responses).
Memory after Temporal Lobectomy
- Epilepsy is recurrent, unprovoked seizures in the brain, it can be generalised or focal.
- Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common type of focal onset epilepsy.
- The most common cause of temporal lobe epilepsy is hippocampal sclerosis (scarring in the temporal lobe).
- Hippocampal sclerosis leads to isolated memory problems, difficulties with storage.
- Treatment for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy can involve surgery.
Memory in Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementia, accounting for about 50% of cases.
- Onset typically occurs after age 65.
- The disease often causes hippocampal atrophy.
- Characterized by primary memory impairment that worsens over time impacting other cognitive functions.
- Memory problems are characterized by rapid forgetting.
Memory in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency, often associated with heavy alcohol consumption.
- Poor diets frequently accompany heavy alcohol use impacting thiamine metabolism.
- Lesions (damage) to the mammillary bodies, thalamus, hypothalamus, frontal lobes, hippocampus, and cerebellum result, causing issues.
- Key symptoms include severe anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories) and confabulation (making up false memories).
- Recognition memory is usually intact.
Memory in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
- Herpes simplex is a virus that can cause encephalitis (brain inflammation).
- Brain lesions, particularly in the lateral and medial temporal cortex (hippocampus), orbito-frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and parietal lobe.
- Results in an acute confusional state followed by permanent, irreversible memory problems.
- Symptoms include severe anterograde amnesia and potential semantic memory deficits.
- Implicit memory and working memory are usually intact.
Recommendations for Patients with Memory Deficits
- If neuropsychological assessment indicates memory deficits, recommend strategies to manage them.
- This section asks for specific recommendations.
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