Chapter 2: Language choice in multilingual communities

<p>The underlying social implications or messages conveyed through language choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political or social shifts that elevate the status of the Low variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves efforts to change or maintain the functions of High and Low varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing additional linguistic resources to convey nuanced meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each language or variety serves particular functions or is used in specific contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assert authority and professional identity by switching to a language associated with business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the teacher criticized her story unfairly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enriches narratives by expressing different perspectives and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals are typically bilingual, using both varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They realized they were violating language norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can influence individuals to view code-switching negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Code-switching occurs at the individual level, while diglossia is a societal phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can help maintain minority languages by keeping them in active use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To draw on cultural wisdom associated with that language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing speakers to express emotions more effectively through the associations of different codes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multilingual individuals may choose languages spontaneously without conscious reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may be challenged by positive views of code-switching and multilingualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors like social distance, status, and formality influencing language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can help revitalize and sustain the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Established patterns and expectations of language use within a community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of two languages for different functions at the societal level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L varieties may have a hidden prestige among speakers, reflecting solidarity and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A social context involving typical participants and settings that influence language choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain topics may be more easily or appropriately discussed in one language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates the ability to navigate multiple languages skillfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows speakers to assert authority or submit to dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can sometimes be predicted based on social and linguistic factors, but not always.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To distance themselves and signal authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weather conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the use of language from one domain in another domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A language feature that signifies belonging to a particular ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent switching makes it a natural part of speech patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used to express and negotiate levels of solidarity or distance between speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indoubil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can introduce new language forms and contribute to language change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because proverbs are more authentic in the original language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multilingual communities where language mixing is the norm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies incompetence or lack of fluency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing speakers to draw on the associations of different codes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each language or variety is used for specific, non-overlapping functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger speakers might use different codes to express modern identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some believe it hinders language learning and proficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It groups typical interactions by participants, settings, and topics to understand general patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot capture the complexity of individual interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing speakers to negotiate and express different facets of their identities in interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A community where multiple languages have distinct and complementary functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexical borrowing typically involves single words adapted to the borrowing language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The societal position or relationship between participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To include the new participant by accommodating their language preference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows individuals to actively construct and express their identities in interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assert their minority identity and solidarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Code interference involves errors, whereas code-switching is intentional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a richer means of expressing ideas and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speaker's intention or the communicative purpose of the interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To describe large-scale language patterns and norms within communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual interactions and language choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered unworthy of description.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often seen positively and enhances a speaker's status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that sociolinguistic analyses are reflective of actual language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of formality in language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It depends on the speaker's intent and the flow of the conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An interaction considered in terms of the code used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate attitudes or stances toward messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By adding linguistic contrast that enhances humor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diglossia refers to societies, while bilingualism refers to individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the complex interplay of social, contextual, and linguistic factors influencing code choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing languages at the end of one sentence and starting a new sentence in another language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because 'code-mixing' implies random mixing without rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify potential universal constraints on code-switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less proficient speakers may switch only at sentence boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social meanings and functions behind switching codes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diglossia without bilingualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accurately convey the original message</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luxembourg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are adapted to fit the phonological and grammatical system of the borrowing language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language that is inserted into the matrix language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the humor through code-switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An official government document.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a clear functional separation between the two varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speakers feel more comfortable mixing codes among friends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social functions and meanings of code-switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By aligning themselves with certain social groups or identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The High (H) variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can convey emotions more authentically in their first language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects language choice based on familiarity and solidarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes alongside other factors to influence code choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kingwana</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyglossia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixing words from two languages within a single sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Low variety may gradually expand into domains previously reserved for the High variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposes that one language provides the grammatical framework into which elements of another language are inserted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their language use is highly integrated, making code choices subconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formal legal proceedings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and contextual factors vary significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opposition to using the Low (L) variety for serious purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using language features that highlight their ethnic background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can contribute to the maintenance and vitality of minority languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To challenge or change societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grammatical rules that govern where code-switching can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive attitudes toward a variety may increase its use in more domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhetorical skill and ability to navigate different social identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collection of languages or varieties that a person can use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specific language or language variety used in a speech community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because standard Swahili is the language used for official transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tongan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typical interactions involving typical participants in typical settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spanish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A situation where two distinct varieties of the same language are used in a community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Low (L) variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They admire and respect it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switching codes due to a change in the social situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapidly switching codes for rhetorical effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Borrowing words from another language due to lack of vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be used to express solidarity or identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through formal education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A situation where multiple languages or varieties are used for distinct purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addressee or participant features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indoubil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To distance themselves and emphasize authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using interjections or tags from another language as identity markers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language that provides the grammatical structure in a mixed utterance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to negative attitudes influenced by monolingual perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is usually nonexistent or minimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Borrowing words for concepts that lack equivalents in the speaker's language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To express different aspects of identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a sign of respect or solidarity with the addressee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A distinct conversational style resulting from code-switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In formal settings where one language is expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain topics are associated with specific languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It doesn't account for the influence of individual social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using brief phrases from another language as identity markers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haitian Creole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Low variety is used in formal settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using a language associated with authority or formality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing languages to fit the conversation's social situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switching languages between sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lingala</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The switched language carries stronger emotional or cultural associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He is reprimanding his son and wants to express authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switches occur only at points where the grammars of both languages align.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphorical switching enriches communication with symbolic meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To signal group membership and shared identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors in language use due to influence from another language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B. A collection of all the language varieties or codes that a person can use.</p> Signup and view all the answers