Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which language was associated with the business world by Mr. Rupa in Papua New Guinea?
Which language was associated with the business world by Mr. Rupa in Papua New Guinea?
- English
- Tok Pisin (correct)
- Buang
- French
Why might people have negative attitudes toward code-switching, labeling it as 'Tex Mex' or 'joual'?
Why might people have negative attitudes toward code-switching, labeling it as 'Tex Mex' or 'joual'?
- It is illegal.
- They view it as a lack of language purity or correctness. (correct)
- They do not understand it.
- It is officially discouraged.
How might increased ethnic self-consciousness affect attitudes toward code-switching?
How might increased ethnic self-consciousness affect attitudes toward code-switching?
- It discourages bilingualism.
- It may lead to more positive attitudes and acceptance of code-switching. (correct)
- It results in stricter language separation.
- It has no effect.
In the discussion of code-switching, what does 'social meaning' refer to?
In the discussion of code-switching, what does 'social meaning' refer to?
What can cause 'reversal' in the roles of High (H) and Low (L) varieties in a society?
What can cause 'reversal' in the roles of High (H) and Low (L) varieties in a society?
In which way is the concept of 'language planning' relevant to diglossia?
In which way is the concept of 'language planning' relevant to diglossia?
How does code-switching enhance the expressive capacity of bilingual speakers?
How does code-switching enhance the expressive capacity of bilingual speakers?
In terms of code-switching, what does 'functionally differentiated use of language' mean?
In terms of code-switching, what does 'functionally differentiated use of language' mean?
How might code-switching be strategically used in business contexts?
How might code-switching be strategically used in business contexts?
In which context did Polly use Patois to reprimand her teacher?
In which context did Polly use Patois to reprimand her teacher?
What can be inferred about the use of code-switching in narratives?
What can be inferred about the use of code-switching in narratives?
In the concept of 'diglossia with bilingualism,' what is the typical language proficiency of individuals?
In the concept of 'diglossia with bilingualism,' what is the typical language proficiency of individuals?
Why did students in Hemnesberget feel 'appalled' upon hearing their own code-switching?
Why did students in Hemnesberget feel 'appalled' upon hearing their own code-switching?
What is one effect of institutional attitudes towards code-switching?
What is one effect of institutional attitudes towards code-switching?
How does 'code-switching' differ from 'diglossia'?
How does 'code-switching' differ from 'diglossia'?
What role does code-switching play in language maintenance?
What role does code-switching play in language maintenance?
Why might someone use a proverb in another language during conversation?
Why might someone use a proverb in another language during conversation?
How does code-switching function in expressing affective meaning?
How does code-switching function in expressing affective meaning?
What is one reason code-switching might not always be accounted for by known factors?
What is one reason code-switching might not always be accounted for by known factors?
In multilingual societies, what is a common attitude towards 'linguistic purism'?
In multilingual societies, what is a common attitude towards 'linguistic purism'?
What does the term 'social dimension' refer to in sociolinguistics?
What does the term 'social dimension' refer to in sociolinguistics?
What is a potential consequence of code-switching on language vitality in minority communities?
What is a potential consequence of code-switching on language vitality in minority communities?
In the context of code-switching, what does the term 'social norms' refer to?
In the context of code-switching, what does the term 'social norms' refer to?
What does 'institutionalized bilingualism' mean in the context of diglossia?
What does 'institutionalized bilingualism' mean in the context of diglossia?
How is the concept of 'covert prestige' relevant to Low (L) varieties in diglossia?
How is the concept of 'covert prestige' relevant to Low (L) varieties in diglossia?
What is a 'domain' in language use, and how does it affect code choice?
What is a 'domain' in language use, and how does it affect code choice?
How is 'topic' a factor in code-switching?
How is 'topic' a factor in code-switching?
Why might code-switching be seen as reflecting a speaker's linguistic competence?
Why might code-switching be seen as reflecting a speaker's linguistic competence?
How does code-switching function in reinforcing power dynamics in conversation?
How does code-switching function in reinforcing power dynamics in conversation?
What conclusion does the chapter reach about the predictability of code-switching?
What conclusion does the chapter reach about the predictability of code-switching?
Why might speakers use the High (H) variety when expressing disapproval?
Why might speakers use the High (H) variety when expressing disapproval?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to code choice?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to code choice?
What is the effect of 'leakage' in domain-based language use?
What is the effect of 'leakage' in domain-based language use?
In sociolinguistics, what does 'ethnic identity marker' mean in the context of code-switching?
In sociolinguistics, what does 'ethnic identity marker' mean in the context of code-switching?
What might cause code-switching to be 'unconscious' among speakers?
What might cause code-switching to be 'unconscious' among speakers?
How does code-switching relate to the 'solidarity/social distance dimension'?
How does code-switching relate to the 'solidarity/social distance dimension'?
Which language did young people in Bukavu use to express modernity and sophistication?
Which language did young people in Bukavu use to express modernity and sophistication?
What is the potential impact of code-switching on language change?
What is the potential impact of code-switching on language change?
Why might a speaker switch codes to quote a proverb?
Why might a speaker switch codes to quote a proverb?
In which type of community is code-switching viewed more positively?
In which type of community is code-switching viewed more positively?
What is one criticism of the term 'code-mixing'?
What is one criticism of the term 'code-mixing'?
How might code-switching enhance rhetorical skills?
How might code-switching enhance rhetorical skills?
In the concept of 'functional differentiation of languages,' what does 'complementary distribution' mean?
In the concept of 'functional differentiation of languages,' what does 'complementary distribution' mean?
What role does 'age' play in the choice of code?
What role does 'age' play in the choice of code?
In bilingual education, why is code-switching a point of contention?
In bilingual education, why is code-switching a point of contention?
Which dimension can help distinguish between High (H) and Low (L) varieties?
Which dimension can help distinguish between High (H) and Low (L) varieties?
How does the term 'domain' help in understanding language choice?
How does the term 'domain' help in understanding language choice?
What is one reason why domain-based models may need modification?
What is one reason why domain-based models may need modification?
How can code-switching contribute to constructing social identities dynamically?
How can code-switching contribute to constructing social identities dynamically?
In which situation is 'polyglossia' most accurately applied?
In which situation is 'polyglossia' most accurately applied?
What is one key difference between 'code-switching' and 'lexical borrowing'?
What is one key difference between 'code-switching' and 'lexical borrowing'?
What does 'social role' refer to in influencing code choice?
What does 'social role' refer to in influencing code choice?
Why might someone switch codes when a new participant joins a conversation?
Why might someone switch codes when a new participant joins a conversation?
In what way is code-switching an expression of 'dynamic social identity construction'?
In what way is code-switching an expression of 'dynamic social identity construction'?
What is one social function of code-switching when used by minority groups in majority language contexts?
What is one social function of code-switching when used by minority groups in majority language contexts?
How does code-switching differ from 'code interference'?
How does code-switching differ from 'code interference'?
In what way might code-switching be used as a 'linguistic resource'?
In what way might code-switching be used as a 'linguistic resource'?
What does the 'function dimension' in code choice refer to?
What does the 'function dimension' in code choice refer to?
In what context is the term 'macro-level sociolinguistic patterns' used?
In what context is the term 'macro-level sociolinguistic patterns' used?
In contrast, what does 'micro-level interaction' focus on?
In contrast, what does 'micro-level interaction' focus on?
In diglossic communities, why is the Low (L) variety often not codified?
In diglossic communities, why is the Low (L) variety often not codified?
How might code-switching be viewed in communities where multilingualism is the norm?
How might code-switching be viewed in communities where multilingualism is the norm?
Why is it important for a description of language patterns to be modified if it doesn't accurately represent the community?
Why is it important for a description of language patterns to be modified if it doesn't accurately represent the community?
In code-switching research, what does the term 'style' refer to?
In code-switching research, what does the term 'style' refer to?
What is one reason why code-switching is difficult to predict?
What is one reason why code-switching is difficult to predict?
What is a 'speech event'?
What is a 'speech event'?
What might be a reason for code-switching in Internet chat rooms among Swiss Germans?
What might be a reason for code-switching in Internet chat rooms among Swiss Germans?
How can code-switching function in humorous contexts?
How can code-switching function in humorous contexts?
What is the relationship between diglossia and bilingualism?
What is the relationship between diglossia and bilingualism?
Why is predicting code-switching challenging?
Why is predicting code-switching challenging?
Which of the following is an example of 'inter-sentential code-switching'?
Which of the following is an example of 'inter-sentential code-switching'?
Why is the term 'code-mixing' sometimes considered less appropriate than 'metaphorical switching'?
Why is the term 'code-mixing' sometimes considered less appropriate than 'metaphorical switching'?
What is one reason sociolinguists are interested in code-switching points within utterances?
What is one reason sociolinguists are interested in code-switching points within utterances?
How does 'language proficiency' influence code-switching behavior?
How does 'language proficiency' influence code-switching behavior?
In sociolinguistics, what is the main focus when studying code-switching?
In sociolinguistics, what is the main focus when studying code-switching?
Which term describes a situation where two languages are used for different functions in a society, but by largely different groups of people?
Which term describes a situation where two languages are used for different functions in a society, but by largely different groups of people?
What is the main reason for code-switching when quoting someone?
What is the main reason for code-switching when quoting someone?
In which country is Luxembourgish considered the Low (L) variety in a triglossic situation?
In which country is Luxembourgish considered the Low (L) variety in a triglossic situation?
In the concept of 'lexical borrowing,' how are the borrowed words typically adapted?
In the concept of 'lexical borrowing,' how are the borrowed words typically adapted?
What is the 'embedded language' in code-switching?
What is the 'embedded language' in code-switching?
Why might a bilingual speaker use more than one language when telling a joke?
Why might a bilingual speaker use more than one language when telling a joke?
In which of the following situations is the High (H) variety MOST likely to be used?
In which of the following situations is the High (H) variety MOST likely to be used?
What is one of the main characteristics of 'classic' diglossia?
What is one of the main characteristics of 'classic' diglossia?
Why might code-switching occur more frequently in informal settings?
Why might code-switching occur more frequently in informal settings?
What is the primary focus of sociolinguists studying code-switching?
What is the primary focus of sociolinguists studying code-switching?
How can code-switching function as a tool for social positioning among young people?
How can code-switching function as a tool for social positioning among young people?
In Pakistan, Urdu is often used in formal settings. What term best describes this use in the context of diglossia?
In Pakistan, Urdu is often used in formal settings. What term best describes this use in the context of diglossia?
Why might a bilingual speaker switch to their first language when expressing strong emotions?
Why might a bilingual speaker switch to their first language when expressing strong emotions?
What influence does 'social distance' have on code choice?
What influence does 'social distance' have on code choice?
What role does 'function or goal of the interaction' play in code choice?
What role does 'function or goal of the interaction' play in code choice?
In Kalala's interactions, what language does he use when dealing with vendors from other tribal groups?
In Kalala's interactions, what language does he use when dealing with vendors from other tribal groups?
What term is used to describe a community where more than three languages are regularly used for different purposes?
What term is used to describe a community where more than three languages are regularly used for different purposes?
Which of the following is an example of 'intra-sentential code-switching'?
Which of the following is an example of 'intra-sentential code-switching'?
Why might the use of the Low (L) variety increase over time in certain domains?
Why might the use of the Low (L) variety increase over time in certain domains?
What is the significance of the term 'matrix language frame' (MLF) in code-switching?
What is the significance of the term 'matrix language frame' (MLF) in code-switching?
In the context of Luxembourg, why might people have difficulty explaining their code choices?
In the context of Luxembourg, why might people have difficulty explaining their code choices?
In which domain is the use of the Low (L) variety least likely?
In which domain is the use of the Low (L) variety least likely?
What is one challenge to identifying universal grammatical constraints on code-switching?
What is one challenge to identifying universal grammatical constraints on code-switching?
What did the 'language riot' in Athens in 1901 signify?
What did the 'language riot' in Athens in 1901 signify?
How might code-switching serve as an identity marker among minority groups?
How might code-switching serve as an identity marker among minority groups?
What is one potential effect of code-switching on attitudes toward minority languages?
What is one potential effect of code-switching on attitudes toward minority languages?
In multilingual settings, what is one reason speakers might not stick to the language norms?
In multilingual settings, what is one reason speakers might not stick to the language norms?
In the context of code-switching, what does the concept of 'linguistic constraints' refer to?
In the context of code-switching, what does the concept of 'linguistic constraints' refer to?
How does 'attitude' toward language varieties affect code choice?
How does 'attitude' toward language varieties affect code choice?
What social meaning might rapid code-switching convey?
What social meaning might rapid code-switching convey?
What is meant by an individual's linguistic repertoire?
What is meant by an individual's linguistic repertoire?
In the context of multilingual communities, what does the term 'code' refer to?
In the context of multilingual communities, what does the term 'code' refer to?
Why might Kalala use standard Swahili when dealing with government officials?
Why might Kalala use standard Swahili when dealing with government officials?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing code choice in multilingual communities?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing code choice in multilingual communities?
What is the main language used by 'Anahina at home with her family?
What is the main language used by 'Anahina at home with her family?
What is a 'domain' in the study of language use?
What is a 'domain' in the study of language use?
In Paraguay, which language is generally used for formal interactions and education?
In Paraguay, which language is generally used for formal interactions and education?
What does the term 'diglossia' refer to in sociolinguistics?
What does the term 'diglossia' refer to in sociolinguistics?
Which variety in a diglossic situation is typically used for everyday conversation?
Which variety in a diglossic situation is typically used for everyday conversation?
What is the usual attitude of speakers towards the High (H) variety in a diglossic situation?
What is the usual attitude of speakers towards the High (H) variety in a diglossic situation?
In the context of code-switching, what does 'situational switching' refer to?
In the context of code-switching, what does 'situational switching' refer to?
Which of the following is an example of 'metaphorical switching'?
Which of the following is an example of 'metaphorical switching'?
What is 'lexical borrowing' in sociolinguistics?
What is 'lexical borrowing' in sociolinguistics?
Which of the following statements is true about code-switching?
Which of the following statements is true about code-switching?
In a diglossic community, how is the High (H) variety typically learned?
In a diglossic community, how is the High (H) variety typically learned?
What is 'polyglossia'?
What is 'polyglossia'?
Which social factor may influence code choice within the same domain?
Which social factor may influence code choice within the same domain?
In Kalala's linguistic repertoire, which code is used among young people regardless of ethnic background?
In Kalala's linguistic repertoire, which code is used among young people regardless of ethnic background?
Why might someone switch codes to express anger or disapproval?
Why might someone switch codes to express anger or disapproval?
What is 'tag switching'?
What is 'tag switching'?
What is a 'matrix language' in code-switching?
What is a 'matrix language' in code-switching?
Why might code-switching be frowned upon in some societies?
Why might code-switching be frowned upon in some societies?
In the context of diglossia, what is often the status of literature written in the Low (L) variety?
In the context of diglossia, what is often the status of literature written in the Low (L) variety?
What is an example of 'lexical need' in borrowing?
What is an example of 'lexical need' in borrowing?
How does the speaker in Example 18 use code-switching?
How does the speaker in Example 18 use code-switching?
Why might a person switch to a language they are less proficient in?
Why might a person switch to a language they are less proficient in?
What is a 'fused lect'?
What is a 'fused lect'?
In which situation is code-switching unlikely to occur?
In which situation is code-switching unlikely to occur?
What role does topic play in code-switching?
What role does topic play in code-switching?
In multilingual communities, why is a domain-based approach sometimes limited?
In multilingual communities, why is a domain-based approach sometimes limited?
What is 'emblematic switching'?
What is 'emblematic switching'?
Which language is considered the Low (L) variety in Haiti?
Which language is considered the Low (L) variety in Haiti?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of diglossia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of diglossia?
How is code-switching used to express social distance?
How is code-switching used to express social distance?
What is 'situational code-switching'?
What is 'situational code-switching'?
What does the term 'inter-sentential switching' mean?
What does the term 'inter-sentential switching' mean?
In which code does Kalala listen to pop music?
In which code does Kalala listen to pop music?
What is one reason speakers might code-switch to add emphasis?
What is one reason speakers might code-switch to add emphasis?
In Example 16, what triggers the father's code-switching?
In Example 16, what triggers the father's code-switching?
Which of the following best describes the 'equivalence constraint' in code-switching?
Which of the following best describes the 'equivalence constraint' in code-switching?
How does 'metaphorical switching' differ from 'situational switching'?
How does 'metaphorical switching' differ from 'situational switching'?
What is one possible social reason for code-switching?
What is one possible social reason for code-switching?
What is "interference" in the context of bilingual language use?
What is "interference" in the context of bilingual language use?
What is a "linguistic repertoire"?
What is a "linguistic repertoire"?
Flashcards
Linguistic Repertoire
Linguistic Repertoire
All the language varieties an individual can use in different contexts.
Code
Code
A specific language or variety used within a speech community.
Official Language
Official Language
The recognized language for official transactions in a particular place.
Factors Influencing Code Choice
Factors Influencing Code Choice
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Domain
Domain
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Language Use in Paraguay
Language Use in Paraguay
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Diglossia
Diglossia
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Low (L) Variety
Low (L) Variety
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High (H) Variety
High (H) Variety
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Attitude Towards High Variety
Attitude Towards High Variety
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Situational Switching
Situational Switching
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Metaphorical Switching
Metaphorical Switching
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Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
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Code-Switching Dynamics
Code-Switching Dynamics
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Learning High Variety
Learning High Variety
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Polyglossia
Polyglossia
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Social Factors in Code Choice
Social Factors in Code Choice
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Indoubil
Indoubil
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Code-Switching for Emphasis
Code-Switching for Emphasis
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Tag Switching
Tag Switching
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Matrix Language
Matrix Language
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Attitudes Toward Code-Switching
Attitudes Toward Code-Switching
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Literature in Diglossia
Literature in Diglossia
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Lexical Need in Borrowing
Lexical Need in Borrowing
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Code-Switching in Expression
Code-Switching in Expression
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Reasons for Using Less Proficient Languages
Reasons for Using Less Proficient Languages
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Fused Lect
Fused Lect
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Code-Switching in Formal Settings
Code-Switching in Formal Settings
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Role of Topic in Code-Switching
Role of Topic in Code-Switching
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Limitations of Domain-Based Approach
Limitations of Domain-Based Approach
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Emblematic Switching
Emblematic Switching
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Low (L) Variety in Haiti
Low (L) Variety in Haiti
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Characteristics of Diglossia
Characteristics of Diglossia
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Expressing Social Distance through Language
Expressing Social Distance through Language
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Situational Code-Switching
Situational Code-Switching
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Inter-Sentential Switching
Inter-Sentential Switching
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Kalala's Music Preference
Kalala's Music Preference
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Emphasis through Code-Switching
Emphasis through Code-Switching
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Triggers for Code-Switching
Triggers for Code-Switching
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Equivalence Constraint in Code-Switching
Equivalence Constraint in Code-Switching
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Metaphorical vs. Situational Switching
Metaphorical vs. Situational Switching
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Social Implications of Code-Switching
Social Implications of Code-Switching
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Status of Low (L) Variety
Status of Low (L) Variety
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Perspectives on Code-Switching
Perspectives on Code-Switching
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Predictability of Code-Switching
Predictability of Code-Switching
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Speech Event Definition
Speech Event Definition
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Study Notes
Linguistic Repertoire
- An individual's linguistic repertoire encompasses all the language varieties or codes that can be used in various contexts.
Code in Multilingual Communities
- The term "code" signifies a specific language or language variety employed within a speech community.
Official Language Use
- Kalala utilizes standard Swahili when engaging with government officials as it is the recognized language for official transactions in Bukavu.
Factors Influencing Code Choice
- Code choice is influenced by participants, setting, and topic; however, weather does not play a role.
Family Language Use
- 'Anahina primarily speaks Tongan at home when communicating with her family.
Domain of Language Use
- A "domain" refers to typical interactions with typical participants in typical settings, allowing for a nuanced understanding of language use.
Language in Paraguay
- Spanish is predominantly used for formal interactions and education in Paraguay, while Guaranà is used informally.
Concept of Diglossia
- Diglossia describes a scenario where two distinct varieties of the same language are used within a community, each serving different functions.
Everyday Conversation in Diglossia
- In diglossic situations, the Low (L) variety is typically employed for everyday conversations, whereas the High (H) variety is reserved for formal contexts.
Attitude Towards High Variety
- Speakers tend to admire and respect the High (H) variety, recognizing it as prestigious.
Situational Switching
- Situational switching is the practice of changing codes due to a shift in the social situation, such as a new participant joining.
Metaphorical Switching
- Metaphorical switching is characterized by rapidly changing codes to enhance communication and create rhetorical effects.
Lexical Borrowing
- Lexical borrowing involves using words from another language due to an absence of equivalent vocabulary in the speaker's own language.
Code-Switching Dynamics
- Code-switching can indicate group membership and identity, often used to express solidarity among speakers.
Learning High Variety
- The High (H) variety is typically acquired through formal education, rather than naturally at home.
Polyglossia
- Polyglossia refers to the coexistence of multiple languages or varieties used for distinct purposes within a community.
Social Factors in Code Choice
- Participant characteristics, such as the address or features of those involved, can shape code choice within the same domain.
Indoubil Usage
- Indoubil is a code employed by young people in Bukavu, transcending ethnic backgrounds, and functions similarly to slang.
Code-Switching for Emphasis
- Speakers may switch codes to express disapproval or anger as a means of distancing themselves and emphasizing their authority.
Tag Switching
- Tag switching involves inserting tags or interjections from another language, often used to signal ethnic identity.
Matrix Language
- In code-switching, the matrix language provides the grammatical framework into which elements of another language blend.
Attitudes Toward Code-Switching
- Negative perceptions of code-switching might arise from monolingual biases that deem the mixing of languages as unfavorable.
Literature in Diglossia
- Literature is predominantly written in the High (H) variety, with minimal or even nonexistent compositions in the Low (L) variety.
Lexical Need in Borrowing
- Lexical need drives speakers to borrow terms when seeking to express concepts that lack equivalents in their native language.
Code-Switching in Expression
- Code-switching may be utilized to convey different facets of identity, highlighting ambivalence and emotional nuance.
Reasons for Using Less Proficient Languages
- A speaker may opt for a less proficient language to demonstrate respect or solidarity toward the listener.
Fused Lect
- A fused lect results from a unique conversational style among bilinguals, created through code-switching.
Code-Switching in Formal Settings
- Code-switching is less probable in formal environments where adherence to a single expected language is mandatory.
Role of Topic in Code-Switching
- Specific topics may prompt language switches, as they are more aptly discussed in a chosen language.
Limitations of Domain-Based Approach
- A domain-based approach might not fully address individual social factors influencing language choice.
Emblematic Switching
- Emblematic switching entails the use of brief phrases from another language that signal ethnic identity or solidarity.
Low (L) Variety in Haiti
- Haitian Creole is recognized as the Low (L) variety in Haiti, while French is the High (H) variety.
Characteristics of Diglossia
- Diglossia includes two unique varieties of the same language, each utilizing distinct functions, with the High variety often reserved for formal contexts.
Expressing Social Distance through Language
- Switching to a recognized formal language fosters social distance and authority in communication.
Situational Code-Switching
- Situational code-switching requires altering languages to align with the social context of an interaction.
Inter-Sentential Switching
- Inter-sentential switching involves alternating languages between separate sentences, rather than within a single sentence.
Kalala's Music Preference
- Kalala listens to pop music in Lingala, despite lacking fluency in the language.
Emphasis through Code-Switching
- Code-switching to a language with stronger emotional or cultural ties can amplify the emphasis of a message.
Triggers for Code-Switching
- A father's authority in reprimanding his son can trigger code-switching to a more formal language.
Equivalence Constraint in Code-Switching
- The equivalence constraint reveals that code-switching typically occurs where the grammatical structures of both languages align.
Metaphorical vs. Situational Switching
- Metaphorical switching is distinct in its use for rhetorical effects, drawing on symbolic meanings rather than situational prompts.
Social Implications of Code-Switching
- Code-switching can reinforce social bonds by signaling group membership and shared identity.
Status of Low (L) Variety
- The Low (L) variety often remains uncodified due to perceptions of being unworthy of formal description compared to the High (H) variety.
Perspectives on Code-Switching
- In multilingual communities, code-switching is often viewed positively, potentially elevating a speaker's social standing.
Predictability of Code-Switching
- The unpredictability of code-switching stems from the speaker's intent and the conversational context rather than explicit language rules.
Speech Event Definition
- A speech event is understood as an interaction evaluated in terms of the code utilized during that interaction.### Bilingualism and Diglossia
- Bilingualism refers to individual ability to use two languages, while diglossia describes societal language use.
- Diglossia without bilingualism means languages serve different societal functions with largely monolingual speakers.
Code-Switching
- Inter-sentential code-switching occurs when languages switch at the end of a sentence, while intra-sentential occurs within a single sentence.
- Sociolinguists study social meanings and functions of code-switching rather than just grammatical rules.
- Code-switching can accurately convey quotes by switching to the original language.
Variants in Language Use
- The High (H) variety is used in formal contexts (e.g. official documents), whereas the Low (L) variety is used in everyday conversation.
- Lexical borrowing involves adapting borrowed words to fit the phonological and grammatical system of the borrowing language.
Language and Identity
- Code-switching serves as an identity marker, allowing speakers to align with social groups or express ethnic identities.
- Social distance influences code choice, affecting language based on familiarity and solidarity.
- In multilingual settings, speakers may deviate from language norms to challenge societal expectations.
Language Attitudes and Effects
- Positive attitudes toward a language variety may increase its use across different contexts.
- Code-switching can contribute to maintaining minority languages, enhancing their vitality rather than leading to language loss.
Conduct and Context
- Leakage refers to language use from one domain appearing in another, affecting communication.
- Social factors, including participants and topics of conversation, are more influential in code choice than physical conditions like weather.
Language Change and Evolution
- Code-switching can introduce new forms into languages, contributing to language change over time.
- Unconscious code-switching can occur when switching languages becomes a natural part of speech patterns.
Modernity and Sophistication
- In certain communities, specific languages (e.g., Indoubil in Bukavu) are used by young people to express modernity and sophistication, distancing from traditional languages.### Language and Cultural Significance
- Quoting proverbs in their original language adds authenticity and retains cultural significance, often diminished in translation.
Code-Switching Perspectives
- Code-switching is viewed positively in multilingual communities where blending languages is common; negative in monolingual societies.
- Critique of "code-mixing": Suggested incompetence or lack of fluency; does not accurately depict bilingual speech.
- It enhances rhetorical ability by allowing speakers to draw on varying social meanings through different languages.
Functional Differentiation of Languages
- Complementary distribution suggests each language is used for specific, non-overlapping functions in communication.
- Age differences influence code choice; younger individuals may adopt specific codes for modern identity expression.
Code-Switching in Education
- Code-switching debates center on its potential hindrance to language learning, with some arguing it compromises proficiency.
High (H) vs. Low (L) Varieties
- Formality distinguishes High (H) from Low (L) varieties in diglossic communities, reflecting language context.
- Domain concept helps in understanding language choice by grouping interactions based on participants, settings, and topics.
Language Models and Complexity
- Domain-based models may need adjustment to reflect the intricate nature of language use in specific interactions.
- Code-switching allows for dynamic identity construction, enabling speakers to express various identity facets spontaneously.
Polyglossia
- Describes communities where multiple languages function distinctly and complementarily, often seen in varied social contexts.
Differentiating Language Concepts
- Code-switching involves intentional language use, whereas lexical borrowing pertains to adapting single words to another language.
- Social roles significantly impact code choice, reflecting participants' societal relationships and status.
Interaction Dynamics
- Code-switching adapts to new participants' language preferences, promoting inclusivity in conversation.
- Dynamic social identity construction allows individuals to express and negotiate identities during dialogues.
Minority Group Language Use
- In contexts where a minority language coexists with a majority language, code-switching can assert minority identities and solidarity.
Predictability and Social Patterns
- The complex interplay of social contexts and individual interactions makes code-switching hard to predict accurately.
Linguistic Resources
- Code-switching acts as a linguistic resource enriching emotional expression and nuanced ideas among bilingual speakers.
Language Competence and Interference
- Interference refers to unintentional errors driven by influence from another language rather than intentional mixing.
Business and Code-Switching
- In professional settings, switching to business-associated languages can express authority and align with professional identity.
Narrative and Code-Switching
- Utilizing code-switching in storytelling enhances narratives by conveying diverse emotions and perspectives.
Diglossia and Bilingualism
- Individuals in diglossic societies typically maintain bilingual proficiency, using both High and Low varieties in appropriate contexts.
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