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Questions and Answers
Which type of cells are involved in transporting sucrose and other organic compounds in phloem?
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular tissue?
What are sclereids primarily associated with?
Which structure is not part of the phloem?
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What type of tissue is responsible for covering body surfaces and forming glands in animals?
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What characteristic distinguishes vessel elements from tracheids in xylem?
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Which major type of animal tissue primarily functions in binding and supporting body parts?
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What type of vascular tissue is primarily responsible for transporting water?
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What is the primary function of the waxy cuticle on epidermal cells?
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What role do root hairs play in plants?
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Which specialized epidermal cells regulate gas exchange in leaves?
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What is a key feature of the epidermis in young woody plants?
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What material encrusts cork cells as they mature?
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What functions do trichomes serve on the plant surface?
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How do cork cambium cells contribute to the structure of cork?
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In which part of the plant would you find guard cells?
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What causes the formation of lenticels on the surface of a plant stem?
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Which type of ground tissue is most abundant in flowering plants and least specialized?
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What functional characteristic distinguishes collenchyma cells from parenchyma cells?
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What material primarily composes the thick secondary walls of sclerenchyma cells?
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Which type of ground tissue provides support and flexibility to immature plant regions?
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What is a common characteristic of sclerenchyma cells?
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What happens to parenchyma cells when they contain chloroplasts?
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What type of sclerenchyma cells are long and slender and may be grouped in bundles?
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What type of cartilage is primarily found in the nose and at the ends of long bones?
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Which type of cartilage is known for its flexibility and is found in the outer ear?
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What are the structural units that make up compact bone called?
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What type of bone is primarily characterized by its spongy structure and found at the ends of long bones?
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What component of bone provides elasticity and strength similar to steel rods in reinforced concrete?
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Which of the following best describes fibro cartilage?
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Which component of blood is classified as a fluid connective tissue?
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What is the primary matrix component that gives bones their rigidity?
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What is a primary function of loose fibrous connective tissue?
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What is the primary role of adipose tissue?
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Which statement is true about the number of adipocytes in an individual?
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Dense fibrous connective tissue is primarily found in which of the following structures?
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What distinguishes cartilage from bone in connective tissue?
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How does cartilage heal compared to other tissue types?
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What type of collagen fibers does hyaline cartilage contain?
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What is the primary feature of dense fibrous connective tissue?
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Study Notes
Epidermal Tissue
- Composed of closely packed epidermal cells in both nonwoody and young woody plants.
- Epidermal cell walls exposed to air are coated with a waxy cuticle, reducing water loss and providing disease protection.
- Some epidermal cells in roots form root hairs, enhancing surface area for water and mineral absorption.
- Trichomes, hair-like projections on stems and leaves, serve to protect against excessive sunlight and conserve moisture.
- Guard cells, which contain chloroplasts, surround stomata in leaves, regulating gas exchange and water loss.
- As woody plants mature, the epidermis is replaced by periderm, primarily consisting of cork cells.
- Cork cells become waterproof due to suberin, protecting against pathogens and mechanical damage.
- Lenticels are surface features on stems, facilitating gas exchange.
Ground Tissue
- Makes up the bulk of flowering plants, comprising three cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
- Parenchyma Cells: Most abundant and least specialized; involved in storage and photosynthesis (Contain chloroplasts).
- Juicy texture in fruits, like apples, results from storage parenchyma cells.
- Parenchyma cells can divide and develop into specialized cells.
- Collenchyma Cells: Have unevenly thickened walls, providing flexible support in young plant structures.
- Found beneath epidermis, notably in celery stalks, showcasing visible strands.
- Sclerenchyma Cells: Characterized by thick, lignin-filled secondary walls, giving strength to mature plant parts.
- Two types of sclerenchyma cells: fibers (slender, grouped in bundles) and sclereids (shorter, diverse shapes).
Vascular Tissue
- Comprises two types: xylem and phloem, both made of several cell types.
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves; includes tracheids (elongated, tapered) and vessel elements (larger, with perforation plates).
- Phloem: Transports sucrose and organic compounds from leaves to roots; consists of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma.
Animal Tissues
- Four major types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue, each fulfilling distinct functions.
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands.
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Connective Tissue: Binds and supports body parts, including:
- Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue: Contains fibroblasts and collagen; supportive of organs, allowing expansion.
- Adipose Tissue: Specialized loose connective tissue, stores fat, insulates body, aids contouring, and cushioning.
- Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue: Packed with collagen fibers; found in tendons and ligaments.
Supportive Connective Tissue
- Includes cartilage and bone, providing structure and protection.
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Cartilage: Flexible matrix without calcium; heals slowly. Three types:
- Hyaline (common, found in nose and joints).
- Elastic (more flexible, in the outer ear).
- Fibrocartilage (strong, in spine and knee joints).
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Bone: Hard matrix with calcium salts; two types:
- Compact bone (cylindrical units called osteons).
- Spongy bone (found at ends of long bones, with irregular spaces).
Fluid Connective Tissue
- Blood: Comprises formed elements (blood cells, platelets) and plasma; circulates in blood vessels.
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