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Questions and Answers

Which system consists of a child's immediate environment such as family and friends?

  • Exosystem
  • Microsystem (correct)
  • Macrosystem
  • Mesosystem

What is the role of the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

  • It comprises interactions between different microsystems. (correct)
  • It encompasses significant life events.
  • It includes cultural values and beliefs.
  • It affects children without direct interaction.

Which ecosystem is affected by factors like economic and political systems?

  • Chronosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Macrosystem (correct)

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, which system pertains to influences that indirectly affect a child’s life?

<p>Exosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system considers significant events that occur during an individual's life?

<p>Chronosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Zone of Proximal Development refer to?

<p>Skills that a child can perform with assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on learning?

<p>Vygotsky believed learning is continuous, whereas Piaget viewed it as stage-based. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents Vygotsky’s beliefs about learning?

<p>Learning is significantly influenced by social interactions and culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scaffolds in the context of Vygotsky's theory?

<p>Temporary aids that support skill acquisition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Vygotsky’s views on child learning contrast with Piaget’s?

<p>Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interactions, while Piaget emphasized solitary experimentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to understanding that an object can belong to more than one group?

<p>Class inclusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability involves solving a riddle about the heights of three individuals?

<p>Transitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows children to understand that if $8 + 7 = 15$, then $15 - 7$ must equal what?

<p>Reversibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the understanding that $8$ is greater than $7$?

<p>Seriation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children learn that making mistakes is part of the learning process?

<p>By being reassured that mistakes are normal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill allows children to understand all numbers in the range from $400$ to $499$ belong to the $400s$?

<p>Classification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reasoning behind a child understanding that their grandparent cannot see the toy they are holding over the phone?

<p>Perspective-taking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities refers to the understanding of relationships between objects?

<p>Transitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of secondary circular reactions in children aged 4–8 months?

<p>Involving the manipulation of objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic behavior is typical of children during the teriary circular reactions stage?

<p>Experimenting with different object combinations for sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children begin to demonstrate goal-directed behavior by combining schemata?

<p>8–12 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of egocentric thinking in children aged 2–7 years?

<p>Assumption that others share their understanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of play is common in the preoperational stage for children?

<p>Pretend play with dolls and household items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies symbolic thought in children aged 18–24 months?

<p>Choosing objects based on anticipated sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant application related to egocentric thinking in children?

<p>Reassuring them they are not to blame for unrelated events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction involves children intentionally repeating reflexive actions like finger sucking?

<p>Primary circular reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What basic drives do evolutionary approaches recognize as influencing human traits?

<p>Survival and reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of ethology in relation to behavior?

<p>The genetics and evolution of behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly aligns with the goals of behavioral genetics?

<p>To understand how both genetics and environment affect behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the psychoanalytic theory of Freud?

<p>It emphasizes unconscious thoughts and drives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is commonly stressed in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>Identity crises and social connectedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the evolutionary approach typically evaluate traits?

<p>By determining how traits support survival or reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common application of the psychodynamic approach?

<p>Providing infants with pacifiers for oral satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary way that infants learn in the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Through exploring the world with their senses and motor activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes psychodynamic theories from evolutionary approaches?

<p>Psychodynamic theories center on identity development stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does object permanence refer to in Piaget's theory?

<p>Recognizing that objects exist even when they are out of sight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would best support an infant's development of deferred imitation?

<p>Having the infant watch an adult stack blocks and then allowing the infant to try it the next day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary applications for supporting learning in the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Providing opportunities for children to explore various object properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a behavior during the substage of inborn reflexes?

<p>Sucking when a nipple is placed in the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of development begins to emerge in the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Symbolic thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to provide safe spaces and objects for infants during the sensorimotor stage?

<p>To allow safe exploration and sensory experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the sensorimotor stage, how do children begin to think about objects?

<p>They can think about objects even when they are absent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensorimotor Stage

Learning through exploration using senses and motor skills, from birth to 2 years old.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects still exist even when hidden.

Deferred Imitation

Mimicking an observed action after a delay.

Inborn Reflexes

Unlearned reactions to a stimulus.

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Schemata

Basic structures of knowledge in mind, as in how infants react to the world.

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Exploration (Infancy)

Method of learning in the sensorimotor stage, using senses & motor skills

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Cause and effect (Infancy)

Understanding that your actions have results - pushing a block makes it fall down.

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Symbolic Thinking (Infancy)

Thinking about objects that aren't physically present.

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Primary Circular Reactions

Repeating actions involving the baby's own body, like sucking on a finger, between 1-4 months.

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Secondary Circular Reactions

Repeating actions involving objects, like shaking a rattle, between 4-8 months.

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Goal-Directed Behavior

Combining learned actions to achieve a specific goal, like pushing a pillow away to reach a toy, between 8-12 months.

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Tertiary Circular Reactions

Experimenting with different combinations of actions to explore the environment, like banging different objects together, between 12-18 months.

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Symbolic Thought

Using mental representations of objects to think about them, like anticipating the sound of a banged object, between 18-24 months.

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Egocentric Thinking

Inability to understand other's perspectives, assuming everyone knows what they know, in the preoperational stage.

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Pretend Play

Using imagination to act out real-world scenarios like playing cook or shopping, in the preoperational stage.

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Personalizing Events

Attributing important events to themselves, even if they are not involved, due to egocentrism.

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Perspective-Taking

Understanding that others have different viewpoints and knowledge than ones' own.

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Class Inclusion

Recognizing that an object can belong to multiple groups at once.

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Transitivity

Inferring a relationship between two things based on their relationships with a third thing.

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Reversibility

Understanding that an action can be reversed to return to the original state.

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Seriation

Arranging objects in a logical order based on a specific attribute.

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Classification

Grouping objects based on shared characteristics.

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Riddle Solving

Solving problems by using logic and understanding relationships.

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Open-Ended Questions

Questions that encourage creative thinking and deeper exploration of topics.

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Sociocultural Theory

The idea that learning happens through interactions with others and is influenced by cultural context.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with help from a more knowledgeable person.

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Scaffolding

Temporary assistance provided to help children learn new skills and navigate their ZPD.

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Vygotsky's View on Learning

Children learn through social interaction with others and their culture heavily influences what they learn.

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Piaget vs. Vygotsky

Piaget believed children learn through individual exploration, while Vygotsky emphasized social learning and cultural influence.

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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

A theory that explains how different levels of environment influence a child's development. It suggests that development is shaped by interactions between children and their surroundings.

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Microsystem

A child's immediate environment, including family, friends, teachers, and neighborhood. It's the closest and most direct influence on development.

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Mesosystem

The interactions between different parts of a child's microsystem, for example how the family interacts with the school, or the friends interact with the neighborhood.

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Exosystem

Influences that don't directly interact with a child but still affect their lives, such as the parents' workplace or the community's resources.

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Macrosystem

The broader cultural, economic, and political systems that influence a child's development, such as societal values, beliefs, and policies.

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Evolutionary Approach

A way of understanding human behavior by considering how traits helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.

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Ethology

The study of animal behavior, including humans, focusing on how genetics and evolution influence it.

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Behavioral Genetics

The field that investigates how both genes and environment shape our behavior.

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What are the two main drives in Evolutionary Psychology?

Survival and reproduction are the two fundamental motivations driving human behavior.

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How do Evolutionary Approaches explain traits?

They try to understand how a specific trait helped our ancestors survive or reproduce more effectively.

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What is the goal of Behavioral Genetics?

To identify the relative contributions of genetics and environmental influences on behavior.

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How does Evolutionary Psychology relate to Ethology?

Ethology provides a framework for studying animal behavior, helping us understand the evolutionary roots of human behavior.

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What are some examples of evolutionary approaches in child development?

Understanding infant reflexes as adaptations, explaining attachment as a survival strategy, or studying how language development aids communication.

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